Exam 1 lecture: foot and ankle

Question 1

choparts joint

Answer 1

midtarsal / transverse tarsal jt

Question 2

lisfrancs joint

Answer 2

1 - 5 TMT jts

Question 3

what is the midline of the foot?

Answer 3

2nd metatarsal

Question 4

where is the weight distributed in the foot when standing?

Answer 4

heel: 60%

metatarsal heads: 28% (~50% on 1st and 2nd rays)

Question 5

keystone of medial longitudinal arch

Answer 5

talus

Question 6

keystone of lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 6

cuboid

Question 7

keystone of transverse arch

Answer 7

2nd cuneiform, head of 2nd metatarsal

Question 8

what happens to static weight distribution w/ inverted heel (rearfoot varum)

Answer 8

shifts laterally

Question 9

what happens to static weight distribution w/ everted heel (rearfoot valgum)

Answer 9

shifts medially

Question 10

what happens to static weight distribution w/ high heels/tight gastrocsoleus?

Answer 10

shifts anteriorly

Question 11

what happens to static weight distribution w/ dorsiflexed 1st ray

Answer 11

shifts medially

Question 12

what happens to static weight distribution w/ plantar flexed 1st ray?

Answer 12

shifts laterally

Question 13

what happens to static weight distribution w/ fixed 1st MP jt?

Answer 13

shifts laterally (to avoid pain)

Question 14

what happens to static weight distribution w/ long 2nd ray?

Answer 14

more weight on 2nd metatarsal

Question 15

what is mortons foot?

Answer 15

long 2nd ray

Question 16

where does the static weight distribution shift in forefoot varus w/ a RIGID foot?

Answer 16

laterally (think supinated foot = rigid foot)

Question 17

where does the static weight distribution shift in forefoot varus w/ a FLEXIBLE foot?

Answer 17

medially (think pronated foot = flexible foot)

Question 18

where does the static weight distribution shift in forefoot valgus?

Answer 18

medially

Question 19

what is splay foot?

Answer 19

depressed transverse arch

Question 20

what happens to static weight distribution w/ splay foot?

Answer 20

shifts to 2nd - 4th metatarsals

Question 21

what is pes planus?

Answer 21

flat foot

Question 22

what happens to static weight distribution w/ pes planus?

Answer 22

weight distributed over entire plantar surface

Question 23

what is pes cavus?

Answer 23

high arches

Question 24

what happens to static weight distribution w/ pes cavus?

Answer 24

weight on focal calcaneus, 1st ray, 5th ray

Question 25

what are the "staples/mortar" of the foot?

Answer 25

spring lig., long plantar lig., short plantar lig., transverse metatarsal ligs.

Question 26

what is the spring lig.?

Answer 26

calcaneonavicular lig.

Question 27

what are the long plantar and short plantar ligs supporting?

Answer 27

lateral arch

Question 28

what are the transverse metatarsal ligs supporting?

Answer 28

transverse arch

Question 29

what are the "tie beams" of the foot?

Answer 29

foot intrinsic msls, TDH (tibialis post., flexor digitorum longus, flexor halllucis longus), peroneus longus, plantar fascia

Question 30

what are the suspensor msls of the foot?

Answer 30

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius

Question 31

what are the stirrup msls of the foot?

Answer 31

peroneus longus, tibialis anterior

Question 32

what is the purpose of the suspensor msls of the foot?

Answer 32

resist collapse of arch | eccentrically control collapse of arch w/every step

Question 33

what do the stirrup msls do?

Answer 33

pull up from both sides

Question 34

what are the supporters of the medial arch? (keystone, staples, tie beams, suspenders)

Answer 34

ks: talus st: spring lig tb: flexor digitorum brevis, flexors of hallux, plantar fascia sus: tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior

Question 35

what are the supporters of the lateral arch? (keystone, staples, tie beams, suspenders)

Answer 35

ks: cuboid st: long & short plantar lig tb: flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis, plantar fascia sus: peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius

Question 36

what are the supporters of the transverse arch? (keystone, staples, tie beams, suspenders)

Answer 36

ks: 2nd cuneiform or 2nd metatarsal base st: transverse metatarsal ligs tb: peroneus longus, adductor hallucis, plantar fascia sus: none

Question 37

what might cause the intrinsic foot msls and plantar fascia to fatigue?

Answer 37

pronation syndrome, overuse

Question 38

t or f: plantar fascia is an elastic, and therefore dynamic, support of the foot.

Answer 38

false. plantar fascia is inelastic, and therefore static support.

Question 39

what is the windlass effect?

Answer 39

when toes extend, plantar fascia pulls the heel toward the forefoot to raise and support the arches

Question 40

which toe is particularly important during takeoff?

Answer 40

hallux

Question 41

t or f: plantar fascia extends the pull of the achilles tendon

Answer 41

true

Question 42

what are the characteristics of pes cavus?

Answer 42

``` high arch supinated foot inverted heel curved stiff/rigid decreased shock absorbtion lateral shoe breakdown ```

Question 43

what are the characteristics of pes planus?

Answer 43

``` low arch/flat foot pronated foot everted straight usually flexible (not always) decreased shock absorption medial shoe breakdown ```

Question 44

which is more common: pes cavus or pes planus?

Answer 44

pes cavus

Question 45

what is the effect of a pronated foot on leg length?

Answer 45

shorter leg length

Question 46

what is the effect of a supinated foot on leg length?

Answer 46

longer leg length

Question 47

what joint is the most crucial part of pronation/supination?

Answer 47

subtalar joint (locks/unlocks foot)