Exam 1 Lecture Material

Question 1

What contributions did the Egyptians make to advance anatomy and surgery?

Answer 1

developed a writing system and recorded their findings; created surgical instruments from bronze including probes, saws, forceps, scalpels, and scissors; embalming techniques increased knowledge of major organs

Question 2

Herophilus

Answer 2

father of anatomy; first to perform a human dissection and autopsy; first to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and discovered nerves conduct neural impulses; described salivary glands, liver, and pancreas; coined duodenum; best description of reproductive system and the anatomy of the eye

Question 3

Aelius Galenus

Answer 3

authority of anatomy for 1400 years; dissections on the barbary maraque; clarified anatomy of the trachea; recognized difference between venous and arterial blood; investigated physiological activity; promoted the four humors theory and found that an imbalance of each humor corresponded with a particular human temperature and the temperatures would also have psychological descriptions of people at different temperatures

Question 4

Why is 1315 important

Answer 4

the first official sanctioned human dissection occurred in Bologna since the Greeks

Question 5

Barber-surgeon, ostensor, and professor roles

Answer 5

the professor would read form an authoritative text (usually galen), the ostensor would point to the part of the body to be dissected, and the barber-surgeon would perform the dissection

Question 6

Why would “asking the wrong questions” hinder knowledge gain in anatomy?

Answer 6

in the past anatomy was studied in order to find God’s will. this stunted a gain in anatomical knowledge because anatomists would not be looking for diseases and other things that could lead to cures and thus advance anatomy

Question 7

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 7

father of modern anatomy; first to do all three roles of human dissection, lived 1514-1564; very talented artist and wrote 7 books with great detailed anatomical drawings

Question 8

Why was grave-robbing popular in the 18th and 19th centuries? What was the other main source of cadavers during this time and a bit later?

Answer 8

the need for cadavers increased but the willingness to donate was low due to in the past cadavers were from those who were executed criminals therefore students would grave rob

Question 9

What is the purpose of an anatomical theatre? When were these popular?

Answer 9

anatomical theaters were built to hold large audiences to view human dissection; they began to be popular after the pope accepted human dissection for anatomical studies

Question 10

Proximal

Answer 10

toward an attached base

Question 11

Distal

Answer 11

away from an attached base

Question 12

9 regions of the abdomen (top row to bottom row)

Answer 12

right hypochondriac; epigastic; left hypochondriac; right lateral; umbilical; left lateral; right inguinal; pubic; left inguinal

Question 13

Abduction

Answer 13

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving away from the central digit

Question 14

Adduction

Answer 14

movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane, with the exception of fingers and toes moving towards the central digit

Question 15

Circumduction

Answer 15

when a part of the body is moved successfully through first flexion, then abduction, then extension, and lastly adduction; you can start at any point but you need to go through the order; seen with arms, legs, and fingers

Question 16

Flexion

Answer 16

a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements

Question 17

Extension

Answer 17

a movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements

Question 18

Rotation

Answer 18

movement of a part along its long axis without displacement of its long axis; includes supination, pronation, eversion, and inversion

Question 19

Eversion

Answer 19

twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing out

Question 20

Inversion

Answer 20

twisting motion of the foot that turns the plantar surface facing inwards

Question 21

Protraction

Answer 21

moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane

Question 22

Retraction

Answer 22

moving a part of the body posteriorly in the horizontal plane

Question 23

Opposition

Answer 23

movement of the thumb that produces pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger

Question 24

Reposition

Answer 24

movement of the thumb that removes pad-to-pad contact of the thumb with the palm or any other finger

Question 25

Elevation

Answer 25

movement of the body in a superior direction

Question 26

Depression

Answer 26

movement of the body in an inferior direction

Question 27

Clavicle function

Answer 27

connects the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton, muscle attachment site, joint mobility site, transmits forces from upper limb to axial skeleton

Question 28

Clavicle location in body

Answer 28

originates at the superolateral border of the manubrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch; the acromial end curves laterally and dorsally until it articulates with the acromion of the scapula; it lies inferior to the skin

Question 29

Dislocated shoulder versus separated shoulder

Answer 29

a separated shoulder is a tear of the acromioclavicle ligament while a dislocated shoulder is a tear in the glenohumeral ligament

Question 30

Superficial fascia

Answer 30

loose connective tissue that separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs, ex/ pectoral fascia surrounds pec minor

Question 31

Deep fascia

Answer 31

dense regular connective tissue, ex/ clavipectoral surrounds the subclavius

Question 32

Breast tissue

Answer 32

modified sweat glands made of stratified columnar epithelium and subcutaneous tissue of pectoral fat and glandular tissue

Question 33

Anatomy of the breast

Answer 33

lobes (a collection of lobules) lead to lactiferous ducts which expand into lactiferous sinus near the nipple which they will then open to the surface of the nipple; there're around 15-20 nipple openings; the lobes are bound together by connective tissue septa, which subdivide the adipose making the breast look smoother, and suspending ligaments also known as cooper's ligaments which prevent breast ptosis but is made of collagen

Question 34

Lymph

Answer 34

clear, colorless liquid from blood plasma made of plasma proteins and lymphocytes; found everywhere but the brain, bone marrow, epithelium, and cartilage

Question 35

Lymph function

Answer 35

removes excess fluid from interstitial space and filters microorganisms

Question 36

True rib

Answer 36

rib that's directly connected to sternum via costal cartilages; 7 pairs

Question 37

False rib

Answer 37

rib that's not directly connected to sternum; 5 pairs; 2 of them are floating and 3 of them merge into the cartilage of rib 7

Question 38

Rotator Cuff

Answer 38

4 muscles connecting the humerus and body that gives support and strengthens the joint capsule throughout a wide range of motion

Question 39

Nerves that innervate the rotator cuff

Answer 39

suprascapular (superspinatus and infraspinatus), axillary (teres minor), and subscapular (subscapularis)

Question 40

Anastomoses and example

Answer 40

where arteries coming from different connect; ex/ posterior and anterior intercostal arteries

Question 41

Colateral circulation

Answer 41

blood supply to an organ/tissue via many different pathways for blood to reach it

Question 42

Colateral circulation and blood occlusions

Answer 42

this is good in case of occlusions but it takes a while for angiogenesis therefore it won't save you from immediate danger

Question 43

Arterial blood supply pathway to arm

Answer 43

aorta to brachiocephalic, from the brachiocephalic to the inferior border of the first rib it is the subclavian, after the 1st rib to the inferior border of the teres major it is known as axillary artery and after the inferior border of teres major it is known as the brachial artery, the brachial artery then splits into the ulnar and radial artery

Question 44

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Answer 44

inflammation within the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the palm leads to compression of the median

Question 45

Venous blood supply pathway to arm

Answer 45

the cephalic, basilic, radial, and ulnar veins starts at the wrist; the cephalic vein will dumps into the axillary vein and the median cubital vein, the median cubital vein will then dump into the basilic vein which will become the axillary vein once it passes the inferior border of teres major, both the ulnar and radial vein meet at the brachial vein which will also dump into the axillary vein. the axillary vein will then dump into the subclavian vein at the clavicle/first rib which will then dump into the brachiocephalic vein and finally the superior vena cava

Question 46

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 46

band of deep fascia that makes the top of the tunnel and the carpals make the bottom

Question 47

Sternal angle

Answer 47

aka manebrosternal joint will protrude outwards, it is where the manebrium and the body of the sternum meet

Question 48

Xiphistrenal joint

Answer 48

occurs at rib 7, where the body of the sternal and xiphoid process meet

Question 49

Arteries of the thorax region pathway

Answer 49

right internal thoracic artery branches off of right subclavian artery; left internal thoracic artery branches off of the left subclavian artery at the root of the neck; the anterior intercostal artery branches off the left internal thoracic artery and the right internal thoracic artery; posterior intercostal artery runs off of the thoracic aorta and is more posterior than the anterior intercostal artery

Question 50

Posterior Intercostal Veins of the thorax region pathway

Answer 50

the first right intercostal vein drains into the right brachiocephalic vein which will dump into the superior vena cava, the 2-12 right intercostal veins will drain into the axygous vein which will then dump into the superior vena cava; 1-4 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous which will then drain into the left brachiocephalic vein (the accessory hemiazygous is superior to the 1st cross over), 5-8 left intercostal veins will drain into the accessory hemiazygous and then the azygous, 9-12 left intercostal veins drain into the azygous via hemiazygous

Question 51

Characteristics of cartilage and smooth muscle articulation with the lungs

Answer 51

as you go down the bronchiole tree the amount of cartilage (used to keep the airway open) decreases and at the bronchioles level and below there's no cartilage; the amount of elastin and smooth muscle increases as you go down the bronchiole tree in order to provide the lungs with elasticity to get air out

Question 52

Lung lobe structure

Answer 52

right lung has 3 lobes: superior (3 lobules), middle (2 lobules), and inferior (5 lobes); the left lung has 2 lobes: superior (5 lobules) and inferior (5 lobules)

Question 53

Root of the lung

Answer 53

will connect the lung to the mediastinum; contains pulmonary artery and vein, primary bronchii, bronchiole vessels, nerves, lymphatics

Question 54

What anchors the lung

Answer 54

root of the lung and the pulmonary ligament

Question 55

Boundaries of the aditus

Answer 55

aditus is the opening, the superior border of the aditus is the superior border of the epiglottis, the aryepligottic folds are the lateral border, the interarytenoid fold is the inferior and posterior border

Question 56

Cavities of the larynx

Answer 56

extend from the aditus to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; includes vestibule, ventricle, and infroglottic cavity

Question 57

Glottis

Answer 57

vocal folds and the slit between them (rima glottidis)

Question 58

False vocal cords

Answer 58

vestibular folds, prevent liquid from entering the lungs

Question 59

Cartilage of the larynx

Answer 59

there're 9 laryngeal cartilages: 3 are unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid) and 3 are paired (cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoids)

Question 60

Epiglottis cartilage

Answer 60

above the rima glotidis, gives flexibility to epiglottis, made of elastic cartilage, covered by mucus, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

Question 61

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 61

largest of all laryngeal cartilage, laryngeal prominence = adam's apple, there're 2 superior and 2 inferior horns and where the muscles and membranes attach is the lamina, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

Question 62

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 62

only complete encircling cartilage of the larynx, unpaired laryngeal cartilage

Question 63

Cuneiform cartilage

Answer 63

wedge, small nodules in aryepligottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage

Question 64

Corniculate cartilage

Answer 64

horn, small nodules in aryepiglottic folds, paired laryngeal cartilage

Question 65

Arytenoids cartilage

Answer 65

laddle, vocal cords and processes attach here therefore it's important in vocalization, paired laryngeal cartilage

Question 66

Ligament vs membrane

Answer 66

ligament is made of dense connective tissue that connect bone to bone, cartilage to bone, and cartilage to cartilage; membrane is a thin sheet of a mix of epithelial and connective tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

Question 67

Thyohyoid ligament

Answer 67

thickened part of the thyohyoid membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

Question 68

Thyohyoid membrane

Answer 68

attaches superior border of thyroid to hyoid bone

Question 69

Cricothyroid ligament

Answer 69

attaches thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage

Question 70

Cricotracheal ligament

Answer 70

attaches cricoid cartilage to tracheal rings

Question 71

Laryngeal muscles

Answer 71

extrinsic laryngeal muscles include infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles; intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 72

Infrahyoid muscles

Answer 72

below the hyoid, outside the larynx, helps keep cartilages in place, move the larynx as a unit, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid

Question 73

Suprahyoid muscles

Answer 73

hod the larynx in place, an extrinsic laryngeal muscle, includes mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric

Question 74

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 74

are all inside the larynx, tension adjusters of vocal ligaments (abduct and adduct vocal folds), there are many of them

Question 75

Nerves that innervate the layrnx

Answer 75

superior laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal nerve, left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 76

Superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 76

branch of carnial nerve X, supplies sensory and motor to extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 77

Inferior laryngeal nerve

Answer 77

branch of cranial nerve X, motor nerve for intrinsic laryngeal muscles, if someone's injured and cannot speak this nerve is damaged, a continuation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 78

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve pathway

Answer 78

the left recurrent laryngeal never is superficial to the aorta as it moves caudally but then goes behind the aorta moving back cornonally towards the larynx. the right recurrent lyngreal nerve is superficial to the right subclavian as it moves caudally but then goes behind it as it moves coronally towards the larynx; this is how the pathway is due to development, the heart begins its development in the throat

Question 79

Compare the lymphatic system to the circulatory system

Answer 79

unlike the circulatory system which is a two way flow system with veins and arteries delivering blood to locations and taking blood from the same locations, the lymphatic system moves circulatory system fluid that leaks into the tissues into lymphatic ducts and then dumps it back into the circulatory system via the superior vena cava. this will prevent the return of microorganisms that will be filtered out as well as preventing the movement of fluid back into the interstitial tissue thus countering its job.

Question 80

Brachial Plexus

Answer 80

a major somatic nerve network made of ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 andT1 that will regulate voluntary muscles of the upper limb and pectoral girdle. Supplying them motion, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 81

Rami

Answer 81

roots; where the nerves originate from the spinal chord at C5-8 and T1

Question 82

Trunk

Answer 82

ventral rami converge to form the superior, middle, and inferior trunks

Question 83

Divisions

Answer 83

each trunk will divide into a division that corresponds to its location either as anterior or posterior

Question 84

Cords

Answer 84

where divisions of each location unite to form the posterior, medial, and lateral cord

Question 85

Branches

Answer 85

the nerves of the brachial plexus that will arise from one or more cord whose names indicate their positions relative to the axillary artery

Question 86

Bronchi development

Answer 86

the primary bronchi and their branches form the bronchial tree. each primary bronchus divides to form secondary bronchi, known as lobular bronchi. secondary bronchi branch and form tertiary bronchi

Question 87

Parietal vs visceral pleura

Answer 87

parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum while the visceral pleura covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes

Question 88

Mediastinum

Answer 88

It is everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs and pleura that extends from the superior aperature of the thorax to the diaphragm and from the sternum to the anterior aspect of vertebrae bodies. it is a very mobile region with a lot of connective tissue and fat.

Question 89

Frontal plane

Answer 89

a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates anterior and posterior portions of the body

Question 90

Sagittal plane

Answer 90

a plane that is oriented parallel to the long axis that separates right and left portions

Question 91

Transverse plane

Answer 91

a plane that is oriented perpendicular to the long axis that separates superior and inferior portions of the body

Question 92

Superior mediastinum location

Answer 92

superior to the transverse thoracic plane, the heart, and the lungs

Question 93

Transverse thoracic plane

Answer 93

an imaginary border that runs from the sternal angle to between T4 and T5 vertebrae

Question 94

Superior mediastinum contents

Answer 94

thymus, great vessels (including the common carotid, brachiocephalic, and subclavian), trachea, esophogus, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks, right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left vagus nerve, and right and left phrenic nerve

Question 95

Anterior mediastinum location

Answer 95

anterior to the heart, posterior to the sternum, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane

Question 96

Anterior mediastinum contents

Answer 96

thymus, loose connective tissue, adipose, lymph nodes, branches of internal thoracic vessels

Question 97

Posterior mediastinum location

Answer 97

posterior to the heart, superior to the diaphragm, and inferior to the transverse thoracic plane, anterior to T5-12

Question 98

Posterior mediastinum contents

Answer 98

esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous vein, accessory azygous vein, thoracic duct, left and right vagus and phrenic nerves

Question 99

Middle mediastinum location

Answer 99

between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm

Question 100

Middle mediastinum contents

Answer 100

heart, vessels of the heart, pericardium

Question 101

Anterior Intercostal veins pathway

Answer 101

all of the anterior intercostal veins will dump into their respective left or right internal thoracic vein and then into their respective left or right brachiocephalic vein and then to the superior vena cava

Question 102

Distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 102

anterior and posterior radial

Question 103

Distribution of the ulnar nerve

Answer 103

anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the pinkey; posterior side of the hand from the pinkey to part of the middle finger and half of the ring finger

Question 104

Distribution of the median nerve

Answer 104

anterior side of the hand from the half of the ring finger to the thumb; posterior side of the hand include the tips of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger

Question 105

Distribution of the radial nerve

Answer 105

posterior side of the forearm and the hand from the thumb to bottom half of the index and of the middle finger

Question 106

Vestibule boundaries

Answer 106

between aditus and vestibular folds

Question 107

Ventricle boundaries

Answer 107

depression extending laterally between vestibular and vocal folds

Question 108

Infraglottic cavity boundaries

Answer 108

between vocal folds and inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Question 109

Blood supply to larynx

Answer 109

superior and inferior laryngeal artery, branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery