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Microbiology > EXAM 1: LO 1 & 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 1: LO 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbiology

A

the study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided human eye

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2
Q

Bacteriology

A

the study of prokaryotic organisms (bacteria & archaea)

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3
Q

Phycology

A

the study of algae

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4
Q

Mycology

A

the study of fungi

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5
Q

Protozoology

A

the study of protozoa

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6
Q

Virology

A

the study of acellular infectious agents (viruses)

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7
Q

Immunology

A

the study of the body’s natural defense against disease (host resistance to disease)

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8
Q

Parasitology

A

Parasitic protozoa & parasitic animals

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9
Q

Bacteria & Archaea characteristics

A
  • Unicellular, lack nuclei (membrane-bound organelles)
  • Smaller than eukaryotes
  • Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some - isolated from extreme environments
  • Reproduced asexually
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10
Q

What are the 3 domains

A
  • Based on a comparison of ribosomal RNA
  • Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  • Archaea (prokaryotic)
  • Eukarya (eukaryotic)
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11
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protist
Archaea
Bacteria

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12
Q

Leeuwenhoek contributions to society

A
  • First to observe a microorganism
  • Began making & using simple microscopes
  • Examined water and visualized single-celled protozoa: “animalcules” (microorganisms)
  • Organisms too small to study with the human eye (microorganisms) were now being studied because of him
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13
Q

Koch contributions to society

A
  • Simple staining techniques
  • First photomicrograph of bacteria and bacteria in diseased tissue
  • Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
  • Use of steam to sterilize media
  • Use of Petri dishes
  • Techniques to transfer bacteria
  • Bacteria as a distinct species
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14
Q

Redi contributions to society

A
  • Designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous generation of maggots by placing fresh meat in each of three different jars:
  • Helped to disprove spontaneous generation
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15
Q

Pasteur contributions to society

A
  • Dealing with spontaneous generation
  • Created flasks with long, curved necks (swan neck flasks)
  • Result: no growth of microorganisms
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16
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed taxonomic system for naming

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17
Q

Discuss the historical concept of spontaneous generation and the experiments that they were performed to discount it

A
  • Redi and Pasteur’s experiments!
  • The role of microorganisms in disease was not immediately obvious because infection disease was believed to be due to supernatural forces
  • Began with Aristotle
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18
Q

Protists examples

A

algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds

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19
Q

Fungi examples

A

Yeast (unicellular) & mold (multicellular)

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20
Q

Animals examples

A
  • Small multicellular (mostly parasitic worms)
  • Not technically microbes but are studied by microbiologists (immunologists)
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21
Q

Bacteria cell walls are composed of what
Are they unicellular?

A

cell walls composed of peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls
Yes they are

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22
Q

Archaea cell walls are composed of what
Are they unicellular?

A

cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan
Yes they are

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23
Q

Viruses

A
  • Smallest of all microbes
  • Requires host cells to replicate
  • Cause range of diseases, some cancers
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24
Q

Viroids & Virusoids

A

Infectious agents composed of RNA

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25
Prions
Infectious proteins
26
Microbiologists study all kingdoms, except ________
Plantae
27
Spontaneous generation
living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
28
Yeast generates_____ through fermentation
alcohol
29
Protist cell walls are made up of what? Are they unicellular?
Cellulose, maybe even with chloroplasts Most are uni, some multi cellular
30
Fungi cell walls are made up of what? Are they unicellular?
Made up of chitin Most multicellular, some uni
31
Plantae cell walls are made up of what? Are they unicellular?
Made up of cellulose No, they're multicellular
32
Animalia cell walls are made up of what? Are they unicellular?
Trick question, they have no cell walls They're multicellular
33
Germ theory of disease
Theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases
34
Who was the first to link microorganisms to disease (Anthrax 1876) ?
Koch
35
What are Koch's 4 postulates (write them out)
1. The microorganism must be found in every case of the disease but absent from healthy hosts/organisms 2. The microorganism must be isolated and grown outside the host 3. When the microorganism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease 4. The same microorganism must be found in the diseased experimental host
36
Biochemistry
microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions
37
Molecular biology
- Explanation of cell function at the molecular level (how certain molecules react with one another to create life - Bioinformatics & genomic sequencing and analysis
38
Microbial genetics
rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation investigated control of genetic expression
39
Immunology
The study of the body’s natural defense against disease & vaccine development
40
Environmental research
- Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments - Recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
41
# Synthesis Reactions Do they require energy? What reactions are examples of this? What are they called?
- Require energy (endothermic) - Most common type = dehydration synthesis (water molecule formed → product of the reaction) - Called anabolism
42
# Decomposition Reactions Do they require energy? What reactions are examples of this? What are they called?
- Release energy (exothermic) - Most common type = hydrolysis (ionic components of water are added to products → water is a reactant) - All the decomposition reactions within an organism are called catabolism
43
Acids
- Dissociates into H+ and anion - Proton donor
44
Bases
- Binds with H+ when dissolved in water; some dissociate into OH- and cations - Proton acceptor
45
# Lipids Are they hydrophobic? What are they soluble in?
- Yes - Not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophobic - Soluble in nonpolar solvents, relatively insoluble in water
46
# Lipids What groups are associated with micro?
Fats (triglycerides): energy Phospholipids: structure
47
# Lipids Saturated (with hydrogens)
- no double bonds - straight, so they can line up close to each other which results in Van der Waal interactions - membrane is more rigid
48
# Lipids Unsaturated
- double bond (causes a kink) - no Van der Waals - membrane is more fluid
49
# Carbohydrates List the functions of carbs
- Long term storage of chemical energy - Ready energy source - Part of backbones of nucleic acids - Converted to amino acids - Form cell wall - Involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells
50
# Carbohydrates Types of carbs
Monosaccharides Disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together) Polysaccharides
51
# Nucleic acids DNA is what?
- Genetic material of all organisms & viruses - Carries instructions for the synthesis of RNA & proteins controls synthesis of all molecules in an organism
52
# Nucleic acids RNA is what?
- Genetic material in a number of viruses - Acts as the template for protein synthesis (mRNA) - Also acts as an enzyme (ribozyme), tRNA and rRNA - Contains a 3’ and 2’ hydroxyl group
53
# Nucleic acids What are the puridines? How many Nitrogen bases?
PUR As Gold A & G two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
54
# Nucleic acids What are the puridines? How many Nitrogen bases?
TCU T (DNA), C (DNA & RNA), U (RNA) one-carbon nitrogen ring bases
55
# Nucleic acids Nucleotides are made up of what
Phosphate (has a T in the name) Pentose sugar (deoxyribose of ribose) 1 of 5 cyclic nitrogen bases
56
# Nucleic acids Nucleotides are the monomers that make up ______ ______
nucleic acids
57
# Nucleic acids How many bonds between C & G? How many bonds between T & A?
3 H bonds between C & G 2 H bonds between T & A
58
DNA grows from the ____ end
3’
59
# Proteins Function of Proteins
Structure Enzymatic catalysis Regulation Transportation Pathogenesis & folding
60
# Proteins What type of bond is formed between amino acids?
A covalent bond (peptide bond) is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction
61
# Proteins Protein structure
- Central carbon linked to a hydrogen - Primary amine group - Carboxylic acid - R side chain → gives properties
62
# Protein Structure Primary
**linear sequence of amino acids** as they occur (covalently bonded together)
63
# Protein Structure Secondary
**alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets** (determined by hydrogen bonding of the amino acids)
64
# Protein Structure Tertiary
(determined by R group) overall conformation of the protein - disulfide bonds?
65
# Protein Structure Quaternary
separately encoded polypeptides folding and interacting with each other

Microbiology (14 decks)

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