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Livestock Repro > Exam 1: Male & Female Anatomy, Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 1: Male & Female Anatomy, Spermatogenesis Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Testes

A

lie outside the abdomen within the scrotum and produce spermatozoa and hormones

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2
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

extends from the inguinal ring to the dorsal pole of the testis and provides a pathway to and from the body for the vasculature, lymphatics, nerves, and the ductus deferens

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3
Q

Scrotum

A

two lobed sack that supports and protects the testis and is required for thermoregulation

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4
Q

Excurrent Duct System

A

consists of the efferent ducts, the epididymal ducts, and ductus deferens

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5
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A

consists of the seminal vesicles, prostrate, bulbourethral glands, and ampulla

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6
Q

Layerings covering the testis

A

Visceral Tunica Vaginalis - parietal layer that lines the scrotum
Tunica Albuginea - white covering

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7
Q

Functions of the epididymis

A
  1. Concentrate
  2. Store
  3. Passageway
  4. Final Maturation Site
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8
Q

Extragonadal Reserves

A

male may have adequate sperm production in the testes but if epididymal tail reserves are depleted, he will not be as fertile

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9
Q

Differences in Accessory Sex Glands among species

A

Boars do NOT have ampulla
Bull and Ram have lobular shaped vesicular glands, while Stallion has elongated hollow pouches
Boar has well developed vesicular glands, large bulbourethral glands

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10
Q

Compare prostrates between species

A

Bull - both corpus and disseminate
Boar - mostly disseminate
Ram - entirely disseminate
Stallion - no disseminate, but 2 lateral lobes

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11
Q

Cavernous Bodies of the Penis

A

3 Parts: Base, Shaft, Glans

Corpus Spongiosum - surrounds urethra and enlarged at the ischial arch to form the penile bulb
Corpus Cavernosum - pair of crura from ischial arch and is covered by IM
Ischiocavernous Muscle

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12
Q

Intromission

A

entry of the penis into the vagina of the female

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13
Q

Emission

A

the movement of spermatic fluid along the ductus deferens to the pelvic urethra where it is mixed with secretion from the accessory glands

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14
Q

Ejaculation

A

passage of semen along the penile urethra

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15
Q

Different Shapes of Glans Penis

A

Cow - fibroblastic penis, sigmoid flexure, S shape
Ram - fibroblastic penis, sigmoid flexure, S shape
Boar - fibroblastic penis, corkscrew shape
Stallion - vascular penis

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16
Q

Fibroblastic Type Penis vs Vascular Type

A

Fibroblastic - erection is controlled by sigmoid flexure which relaxes allowing an erection to occur, once the erection is complete, the retractor penis muscle returns to its original position
Vascular - erection at vascular penis enlarges due to an increase in blood flow

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17
Q

Structures that help regulate testicular temperature and how each one regulates

A

Skin and Scrotum
Cremaster Muscle - supporting muscle of the testis that contracts and relaxes to raise and lower the testes in the scrotum and creates a pumping action of PP facilitating blood flow and enhancing cooling
Tunica Dartos - smooth muscle layer which lies just beneath the scrotal skin and changes surface area based on heat
Pampiniform Plexus - interwined arteries and veins that form counter current heat exchange

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18
Q

What is the origin of the duct system for male and female

A

Pronephros regresses and is replaced by mesonephros which produces Wolffian ducts as Mullerian ducts develop. Testis determining factor is synthesized by sex cords and development of the male reproductive system is stimulated and testes secrete anti-Mullerian duct hormone which regresses Mullerian ducts

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19
Q

What do the Wolffian ducts develop into

A

Rete testis, Efferent Ducts, Epididymis, and Vas Deferens

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20
Q

Passage of Spermatozoa in the tract

A
  1. Spermatazoa made in ST which empty into the rete testis
  2. Rete testis then joins the efferent duct which empties into the head of the epididymis
  3. Spermatazoa travel from the head of the epididymis to the body, and tail
  4. Tail to the ductus deferens
  5. Ductus deferens enlarges in the pelvic region to become the ampulla
  6. Vesicular glands empty into the pelvic urethra followed by the prostrate gland and the bulbourethral glands
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21
Q

Sections of the broad ligament and what they support

A

Mesovarium - supports the ovary
Mesosalpinx - supports the oviduct
Mesemetrium - supports the uterus

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22
Q

What does the Mullerian duct system develop into

A

Forms a uterus, cervix, oviduct, and anterior part of the vagina

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23
Q

Ovary

A

performs exocrine and endocrine function

produces ova, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, inhibin, activin and relaxin

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24
Q

Outer covering of the ovary

A

Tunica Albuginea

Ovarian Cervix

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25
Cortex and Medulla arrangement of ovaries
Medulla is the central part and contains the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics. cervix is outer part (medulla and cervix are reversed in mares)
26
Where does ovulation occur in the mare in comparison to other species
Ovulation Fossa in mares | Random locations of cows, ewes, sows
27
Ovarian follicle development
Primordial germ cells arise extragonadally and migrate through the yolk sac to genital ridges. Oogonia are produced by mitotic division Primary Follicle-ooycte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells Secondary Follicles-2 or more layers of follicular cells but no antrum. Oocyte surrounded by a thick layer called zona pellucida Tertiary Follicle-dominant preovulatory follicle (Graffian follicle)
28
Primordial follicles
microscopic and develop into a more advanced follicle - primary follicle
29
Primary follicle
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
30
Secondary follicles
2 or more layers of follicular cells but no antrum
31
Zona Pellucida
oocyte surrounded by a thick layer
32
Tertiary follicle
secondary turns into an antral follicle (tertiary follicle) with the formation of a fluid filled compartment and then becomes the dominant preovulatory follicle (Graffian follicle)
33
Tertiary follicles three distinct layers
Theca Externa - mostly connective tissue and completely surrounds and supports the ovary Theca Interna - just beneath and these cells respond to LH and produce androgens Granulosa - beneath interna and separated by basement membrane and responds to FSH and produce estrogens, inhibin, and follicular fluid
34
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
when the dominant follicle ovulates, small blood vessels rupture causing a local hemorrhage
35
Corpus Luteum
after formation of CH, theca interna and granulosa cells differentiate into luteal cells to form CL and produce progesterone
36
Corpus albicans
if fertilization does not occur, CL regresses and allows other ovarian follicles to mature and become while or pale brown
37
Segments of the Oviduct
Fimbriae Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus
38
Fimbriae
increase surface area of infundibulum and cause it to slip over the entire surface of the ovary near the time of ovulation
39
Infundibulum
funnel-shaped opening near ovary
40
Ampulla
occupies 1/2+ of oviductal length. large diameter
41
Isthmus
smaller in diameter and is connected directly to the uterus at a point called uterotubal junction
42
Ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ)
junction between ampulla and isthmus
43
Primary function of smooth muscle of oviduct
transport newly ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to ampulla, the site of fertilization
44
Oviductal fluid functions
Sperm Capacitation Sperm Hyperactivation Fertilization Early Preimplantation Development
45
Three types o futeri
Duplex Bicornuate Simplex
46
Duplex Uterus
2 cervical canals and separate each uterine horn (2 horns) into distinct compartments (marsupials, rabbits)
47
Bicornuate Uterus
2 distinct uterine horns and a small uterine body, 1 cervix | -horn length is dependent upon the degree of fusion between the Mullerian ducts (cows, ewe, mare, sow)
48
Simplex Uterus
1 cervix, small uterine body with no distinct horns (humans)
49
Perimetrium
serosal layer part of the peritoneum
50
Myometrium
layers of muscle that provides motility to uterus and gives it a myometrial tone -higher tone under influence of estrogen; less tone when under influence of progesterone
51
Endometrium
inner portion of uterus composed of mucosa and submucosa
52
Uterine Glands
develop from mucosal layer and penetrate into the submucosa and begin to coil under influence of estrogen and reach full secretor capacity under the influence of progesterone
53
Functions of the Uterus
Sperm transport Luteolytic Mechanisms Implantation and Gestation Parturition
54
Sperm Transport
contraception of myometrium is essential for transport of sperm to the site of fertilization
55
Luteolytic Mechanisms
local uteroovarian cycle whereby the CL stimulates the uterus to produce PGF2a which causes luteolysis
56
Implantation and Gestation
surface of endometrium has small glandular areas that protrude from the surces of endometrium
57
Parturition
uterus contracts at the time of parturition to expel the fetus and undergo involution
58
Cervix
sphincter like structure that projects caudally into the vagina and is composed mostly of connective tissue
59
Types of cervixes found in cow, sow, ewe, and mare
Cow and Ewe - several rings form interlocking finger-like projections; primary role is produce mucus Sow - rings interdigitate to accommodate boar's glans penis Mare - conspicuous loose folds of mucosa
60
Functions of the Cervix
Facilitate Sperm Transport Act as a reservoir for sperm Isolate the conceptus from the environment during pregnancy
61
primary role of the vagina
serve as the copulatory organ as well as site for expulsion of urine
62
Luminal Epithelium
near the cervix is generally columnar and highly secretory
63
Posterior Vagina
having stratified squamous epithelium which thickens under influence of estrogen
64
Vestibule
portion of the vagina common to the urinary and reproductive system
65
Gartner's ducts
blind sacs that open directly into the vestibule and are remnant of Wolffian duct
66
External Genitalia
``` Vulva Skin of Labia Perineum Clitoris Vestibular Glands ```
67
Vestibular Glands (Bartholins Glands)
posterior portion of the vestibule and actively secrete a mucous-like material during estrus
68
Semen
liquid cellular suspension containing spermatozoa and secretions from the accessory glands
69
Acrosomal Cap
double walled structure situated between the plasma membrane and the anterior portion of the sperm head
70
Acrosome
thin double layered membranous sac that is layered over the nucleus. contains acrosin, and hyaluronidase and other enzymes involved in fertilization
71
Sperm Tail
composed of neck, middle, principal, and end pieces
72
Middle Piece
region of the tail between neck and annulus
73
Axoneme
central core of the middle piece plus the entire length of the tail. composed of 9 pairs of microtubules arranged around 2 central filaments
74
Principal Piece
continues posteriorly from the annulus to near the end of the tail and is composed centrally of the axoneme and associated coarse fibers
75
End Piece
posterior to termination of fibrous sheath and contains the central axoneme covered by the plasma membrane
76
Spermatogenesis
takes place in seminiferous tubules and consists of all cellular transformations in developing germ cells
77
Spermatocytogenesis
consists of mitotic divisions involving proliferation and maintenance of spermatogonia
78
Spermiogenesis
morphological transformation of spherical spermatids into differentiated spermatozoa (process to get elongated)
79
Spermatogonia
2N. most immature germ cells located at the periphery of the seminiferous tubule near the basement membrane. as they mature, they move towards the lumen
80
Spermatogonia
undergo several mitotic divisions with the last division resulting in primary spermatocytes
81
Types of Spermatogonia in sequence
A-undergo several mitotic divisions (A1 -> A4) I B
82
What are the types of sperm cells in the basal and adluminal compartments and number of chromosomes in each
Basal: - Spermatogonia A (2N) - Spermatogonia B (2N) - Spermatogonia I (2N) Adluminal: - Primary Spermatocytes (2N)??? - Secondary Spermatocytes (1N) - Spermatids (1N)
83
Phases involved in Spermiogenesis
Golgi Phase Cap Phase Acrosomal Phase Maturation Phase
84
Golgi Phase
proacrosomic vesicles form and fuse
85
Cap Phase
acrosome cap begins to form, golgi moves caudally to begin in tail formation
86
Acrosomal Phase
acrosome cap continues to form. manchette extends to form post nuclear cap
87
Maturation Phase
portions of the manchette migrate to the tail and disappear - others form postnuclear cap. mitochondria in middle region give energy to the spermatazoa
88
Spermiation
release of spermatozoa from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the ST
89
Cycle of Seminiferous Epithelium
progression through a complete series of cellular associations at one location along the ST
90
Generation
cohort of cells that develop that develop as a synchronous group and each has a similar appearance and function

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