Exam 1 Material Flashcards
What is a SOAP note and what parts are the assessment?
S = subjective (what patient says)
O = Objective (what is observed)
A = assessment/diagnosis
P = plan
S&O are the assessment
What is OLDCARTS?
O = onset
L = location
D = duration
C = characteristics
A = aggravating/alleviating factors
R = Region/Radiation
T = timing
S = severity
What are the layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
What layers make up the epidermis?
Horny cell layer
Basal cell layer
What does the dermis consist of?
Connective tissue
Elastic tissue
What is the subcutaneous layer?
Adipose tissue
What are epidermal appendages?
Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands (apocrine, eccrine)
Nails
Functions of the skin
Protection
Prevents penetration
Perception
Temperature regulation
Identification
Communication
Wound repair
Absorption and excretion
Production of vitamin D
What are the steps of wound healing?
Division of stratum basale cells and migration across wound
Thickening of epidermis
Inflammatory phase
Maturation phase
Pallor
Pale
Jaundice
Yellow
Cyanosis
Blue
Erythema
Red
Mottled
Blotchy red and purple
Necrosis
Black
Ecchymosis
Bruising (purple)
What are the ABCDE’s when assessing skin?
A = asymmetry
B = border
C = color
D = diameter
E = evolution
What are types of primary lesions?
Macule
Patch
Papule
Plaque
Nodule
Tumor
Wheal
Urticaria
Vesicle
Bulla
Cyst
Pustule
What is a macule
Flat primary lesion
Color change
Flat and circumscribed Less than 1 cm
(Freckles)
What is a patch
Flat primary lesion
Macules larger than 1 cm
What is a papule?
Elevated primary lesion
Less than 1 cm
Superficial thickening in epidermis
(Elevated nevus [mole])
What is a plaque?
Elevated primary lesion
Papules coalesce to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm
(psoriasis)
What is a nodule?
Elevated primary lesion
Solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm
May extend deeper into dermis
What is a tumor?
Elevated primary lesion
Larger than a few cm in diameter
Deeper into dermis
Can be benign or malignant
(lipoma)
What is a wheal?
Elevated primary lesion
Superficial, raise, transient, and erythematous; slightly irregular shape from edema
(mosquito bites)
What is urticaria?
Elevated primary lesion
Hives
Wheals coalesce to form an extensive reaction
What is a vesicle?
Elevated, fluid-filled primary lesion
Elevated cavity containing free fluid Less than 1 cm
What is a bulla?
Elevated, fluid-filled primary lesion
Larger than 1 cm Blister
What is a cyst?
Elevated, fluid-filled primary lesion
Encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or SQ
What is a pustule?
Elevated, fluid-filled primary lesion T
urbud fluid (pus) in cavity
What is crust?
Secondary lesion
Thickened, dried-out exudate
What is a scale?
Secondary lesion
Compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy
From dead excess keratin cells
What is a fissure?
Secondary lesion
Linear crack with abrupt ends
Extends into dermis
What is erosion?
Secondary lesion
Scooped out, but shallow depression
What is an ulcer?
Secondary lesion
Deeper depression extending into the dermis
What is excoriation?
Secondary lesion
Self-inflicted
Superficial
Scar
Secondary lesion
After a skin lesion is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue.
Atrophic scar
Secondary lesion
Skin level is depressed with loss of tissue and thinning of epidermis
(Striae)
Lichenification
Secondary lesion
Thickened skin
Produces tightly packed sets of papules
Keloid
Secondary lesion
Benign excess of scar tissue
Stage I Pressure ulcer
Non-blanchable erythema Intact skin
Stage 2 pressure ulcer
Partial thickness skin loss
Shallow abrasion
No visible fat or deeper tissue
Stage 3 pressure ulcer
Full-thickness skin loss
Extends into subcutaneous tissue
Resembles a crater
See fat but not deeper tissues
Stage 4 pressure ulcer
Full-thickness skin loss and tissue loss
Exposed muscle, tendons, or bone
May have necrotic tissue
Deep tissue pressure injury
Localized, non-blanchable Intact or nonintact skin
Pain
Temperature change
Hemangioma
Benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis
Port-wine stain (Nevus Flammeus)
Large, flat, macular patch
Hemangioma
Red, purple/bluish Intensifies with heat or cold or emotions
Typically on face or scalp
Strawberry mark (immature hemangioma)
Raised, bright-red area with defined borders
Nonblanchable
Cavernous hemangioma (mature)
reddish-blue Irregularly shaped
Solid and spongy mass of blood vessels
Telangiectasia
Vascular dilation seen on skin surface