Exam 1 Material Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
refers to the science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms
2
Q
Physiology
A
study of the intergrated functions of the body, and the functions of all its parts
3
Q
Pathology
A
the study of the disease of the body
4
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
study of the form and relations of the structures of the body that can be seen with the unaided eye.
5
Q
Comparative Anatomy
A
study of the structures of various species of animals
6
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
study of those cells and tissues that can only be seen with a microscope
7
Q
Cranial
A
toward the head
8
Q
Caudal
A
toward the tail
9
Q
Rostral
A
used with caudal within the head to mean towards the nose
10
Q
Medial
A
close to or toward the median plane
11
Q
Lateral
A
away from the median plane
12
Q
Dorsal
A
toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column
13
Q
Median Plane
A
passes through the body craniocaudally which divides the body into equal left and right halves
14
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
any plane parallel to the median plane
15
Q
Transverse Plane
A
any right angle to the median plane; divides body into cranial and caudal segments
16
Q
Horizontal Plane
A
at right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes
17
Q
Transverse Example
A
cinch on horse
18
Q
Horizontal Plane Example
A
cow in lake up to her chest
19
Q
4 Cavities
A
Dorsal, Ventral, Parietal, Visceral
20
Q
Dorsal Cavity
A
cranial and spinal area, cushions and protects things
21
Q
Ventral Cavity
A
thoracic and abdominopelvic area, stomach, allows for protection, organ movement, prevents friction
22
Q
Parietal
A
walls of cavity
23
Q
Visceral
A
covering of an organ
24
Q
Cell
A
smallest unit of life
25
4 types of Tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
26
Alcmaeon
first man to make a significant contribution in biology
27
Herophilus and Erasistratus
first scientific studies designed to discover the workings. of human anatomy; cutting up convicted criminals
28
Galen
arteries contain blood, not air
29
Vesalius
disproves some of Galen's work
30
Harvey
wrote a book; blood is pumped in a circuit
31
Malpihi
observes capillaries through a microscope
32
Leeuwenhoek
observes semen from a dog under a microscope
33
Dujardin
identifies protoplasm
34
Brown
discovers the nucleus in plant cells
35
Schleiden and Swann
first coherent account of cell formation as the building process of all life
36
Eukaryotric
nucleus
37
Prokaryotic
no nucleus
38
Functions of Cell Membrane
1. provide physical isolation
2. regulate exchange
3. provide sensitivity
4. provides structural support
39
Membrane transport
selectively premeable membrane
40
Things effecting membrane transport
1. size
2.solubility
3.ionic change
4. are carrier proteins available
41
Substances that pass through quickly:
water, urea, oxygen, barbituents, anesthetics
42
Cytoplasm
mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloidd
43
___ compounds go into solutions
polar
44
___ compounds go into colloidal suspension
nonpolar
45
red blood cells in animals do not have a ___
nucleus
46
Nucleolus
site of ribosomal formation
47
Nucleus
control center of the cell, chromatin
48
Lyosomes
packages digestive enzymes, maintained and repairs organelles, suicide if needed
49
ER
skeleton on the cell, connects with outer nuclear and cell membrane
50
ER function
1. synthesis
2. storage
3. detox
4. transport within ER
51
Cisternae
sac like or channel like cavities in the ER
52
Rough ER
for protein synthesis, attached ribosome
53
Smooth ER
fat transport, sex hormone synthesis
54
Golgi Functions
1. collection of flat saclike cisternae
2. concentration and collection of cellular compounds
3. storage warehouse of the cell
4. carbohydrate synthesis site
55
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, no membrane covering
56
__ contains the code for the protein that the ribosome synthesizes
DNA
57
Transcription
messenger RNA copies DNA code and leaves nucleus
58
Translation
transfer RNA picks up amino acid
59
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, respiratory center
60
Centrosome
two centrioles at right angles to each other (9 sets of triplet fibers)
61
Centrioles
oldest known organelle, form spindle fibers during cell division, guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells
62
Only cell in human with flagella:
sperm cell
63
Bloodstream is __% water
95%
64
Body weight is __% water
75%
65
Most abundant substance in cells
water
66
Inorganic compounds in the human
CO2,O2, water, salt
67
Level of oxygen in atmosphere:
21%
68
Ammonia
By-product of amino acid breakdown,contains nitrogen, converted to urea in liver
69
Five Carbon Carbs
deoxyribose, ribose
70
Six Carbon Carbs
glucose and fructose
71
Carbs function:
energy storage and cell structure
72
3 elements needed for muscle contraction and nervous transmission:
sodium, potassium, and chloride
73
__% of triglycerides in body are triglycerides
95%
74
Saturated Fat
fatty acids with a single covalent bond
75
Unsaturated Fat
fatty acids have one or more double covalent bonds
76
Lipid functions:
energy, insulation, protection
77
__is the most abundant organic compound in our body
protien
78
__ types of proteins in the body
140,000
79
Deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic material of the cell
80
Ribonucleic acid
protein synthesis; mRNA and tRNA
81
Purines
adenine, guanine
82
Pyramidines
uracil, thymine, cytin
83
Energy is store in the ___ of the ATP
2nd and 3rd phosphate
84
Diffusion
movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration
85
"Going down the concentration gradient"
diffusion
86
Brownian movement
random collision of diffusing molecules
87
Osmosis
movement of water through semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentrations, special form of diffusion
88
Active Transport
used by cells to obtain sugars, amino acids, larger proteins, and fats, needs ATP
89
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size beyond normal
90
Hyperplasia
an increase in the size of a structure because of an increase
91
Atrophy
decrease in cell size
92
Aplasia
failure of tissue to develop
93
Hypoplasia
incomplete or defective development of a tissue
94
Phagocytosis
engulfing of material by surrounding it; ex: white blood cells
95
Pinocytosis
process of bringing in extracellular material that is unable and too large to be absorbed by active transport
96
Metabolism
cellular utilization of nutrient essentially entailing the oxidation of carbon compounds
97
3 byproducts of metabolism
CO2, metabolic water, energy
98
Anabolic
building of substances from different or less complex precursors; process usually uses energy
99
Catabolic
the breakdown of substances to their end products with production of energy from utilization, storage, heat
100
Excretion
release of waste products (urea, CO2)
101
Secretion
release of useful products (bile salts, hormones)
102
Irritability
ability to respond to a stimuli (nerve and muscle cells)
103
Conductivity
ability to transmit and impulse (nerve and muscle cells)
104
Contractility
ability to shorter in one direction (muscle cells)
105
__ types of cells
200
106
Histology
study of cells
107
Epithelial functions:
1. protects underlying tissue
2. absorbs nutrients
3. Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes
4. excretes waste
108
Squamous
flat (protection)
109
Cuboidal
cube shaped (protection and secretion)
110
Columnar
tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption)
111
Stratified
several layers
112
pseudo-stratified
appears to be several layers but its not
113
transitional
several layers of easily stretched cells
114
areas with simple squamous:
heart, kidney,tubules
115
areas with stratified squamous
mouth, rectum
116
mucous membrane
mucus production
117
exocrine glands
simple and compound
118
endocrine
hormone secretion
119
endothelium
lines vessels (endocardium)
120
mesothelium
lines great cavities
121
Connective tissue matrix components:
1. collagen
2. elastin
122
Areolar
injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
123
adipose
fat storage
124
reticular
framework
