Exam 1 material

Question 1

whats the study of the relationship between chemistry and energy

Answer 1

thermochemistry

Question 2

what is the capacity to do work (object possesses)

Answer 2

energy

Question 3

what is the result of a force acting through a distance (way objects transfer energy)

Answer 3

work (w)

Question 4

what is the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference (way objects transfer energy)

Answer 4

heat (q)

Question 5

energy associated with temperature of an object, type of KE

Answer 5

thermal energy

Question 6

energy associated with position or composition

Answer 6

potential energy

Question 7

energy associated with relative positions of e- and nuclei in atoms and molecules, form of PE

Answer 7

chemical energy

Question 8

whats the first law of conservation of energy

Answer 8

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 9

what is a portion of the universe singles out for investigation

Answer 9

system

Question 10

what is everything that the system can exchange energy with

Answer 10

surroundings

Question 11

what is energy transferred between

Answer 11

a system and the surroundings

Question 12

what is the general study of energy and its inter-conversations

Answer 12

thermodynamics

Question 13

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

the total energy of the universe is constant, the energy content does not change, you can only break even

Question 14

what is the sum of KE and PE of all particles that compose the system

Answer 14

internal energy (E)

Question 15

what is a state function

Answer 15

a function where the value depends only on the state of the system, not on how the system arrived at the state

Question 16

if energy leaves a system, where does it flow to

Answer 16

the surroundings

Question 17

Is the energy of the system positive or negative when the reactants have higher energy than the products? Is this endo or exothermic?

Answer 17

Esys is negative, making it exothermic

Question 18

what is a measure of thermal energy

Answer 18

temperature

Question 19

what is a transfer of thermal energy

Answer 19

heat

Question 20

what is happening when there is no additional net transfer of heat taking place

Answer 20

thermal equilibrium

Question 21

what is the quantity of heat required to change temperature by 1 C? Is it an intensive or extensive property?

Answer 21

heat capacity, extensive

Question 22

what is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C (J/gC), Is it an intensive or extensive property?

Answer 22

specific heat capacity, intensive

Question 23

what is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 C (J/gC), Is it an intensive or extensive property?

Answer 23

molar heat capacity, intensive

Question 24

does water have a high or low specific heat

Answer 24

high

Question 25

thermal energy flows from _____ to _____

Answer 25

hot to cold

Question 26

what is calculated work associated with an observed volume change

Answer 26

pressure-volume work

Question 27

what measures the thermal energy the reaction and the surroundings exchange by by observing the change in temperature of surroundings

Answer 27

calorimetry

Question 28

what is a piece of equipment designed to measure change in energy for combustion reactions in a sealed container

Answer 28

bomb calorimeter

Question 29

what is the sum of internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume

Answer 29

enthalpy (H)

Question 30

what is a measure of only heat exchanged under conditions of constant pressure

Answer 30

change in enthalpy

Question 31

4 characteristics of endothermic reaction

Answer 31

absorbs heat from surroundings positive change in enthalpy energy flows into the system raises potential energy

Question 32

4 characteristics of exothermic reaction

Answer 32

gives heat to surroundings negative change in enthalpy energy released from the system lowers potential energy

Question 33

what are the amount of energy needed to break, or the amount of energy emitted when broken, from bonds when broken or formed

Answer 33

bond energy

Question 34

in an exothermic reaction ____ bonds break and _____ bonds form

Answer 34

weak, strong

Question 35

in an endothermic reaction ____ bonds break and _____ bonds form

Answer 35

strong, weak

Question 36

breaking a chemical bonds ______ energy

Answer 36

requires

Question 37

forming a chemical bond ______ energy

Answer 37

releases

Question 38

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 38

for any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases

Question 39

what is a process that occurs without any outside intervention

Answer 39

spontaneous process

Question 40

what is the measure of disorder in molecules

Answer 40

entropy (S)

Question 41

if Gibbs energy is positive, will it be spontaneous or not spontaneous?

Answer 41

not spontaneous

Question 42

when something falls, potential energy is converted to ______ energy

Answer 42

kinetic

Question 43

what occupies larger volume, hot or cold liquid

Answer 43

hot

Question 44

what has a higher density ice or water

Answer 44

water

Question 45

is heat transferred through a perfect vacuum

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is the temperature of outer space

Answer 46

close to 2.7 K

Question 47

what kind of system enclosure is needed to avoid heat transfer to the surroundings

Answer 47

adiabatic

Question 48

what are standard conditions

Answer 48

1 Bar, 25 C, 298 K

Question 49

if combustion occurs, will the heat of combustion be positive or negative

Answer 49

negative

Question 50

to find heat of reaction for bond energies, whats the formula

Answer 50

bonds broken minus bonds formed, reactants - products

Question 51

whats the third law of thermodynamics

Answer 51

entropy of all perfect crystalline substances is 0 at T = 0

Question 52

Positive delta S and positive delta H

Answer 52

spontaneous only at high temp

Question 53

negative delta S and positive delta H

Answer 53

never spontaneous

Question 54

negative delta S and negative delta H

Answer 54

spontaneous only at low temp

Question 55

Positive delta S and negative delta H

Answer 55

always spontaneous

Question 56

an increase of energy in a system leads to an ______ in entropy

Answer 56

increase

Question 57

P

Answer 57

pressure

Question 58

V

Answer 58

volume

Question 59

T

Answer 59

temperature

Question 60

q

Answer 60

heat

Question 61

w

Answer 61

work

Question 62

U

Answer 62

internal energy

Question 63

S

Answer 63

entropy

Question 64

H

Answer 64

enthalpy

Question 65

G

Answer 65

Gibbs energy

Question 66

what are the 4 thermodynamic state functions

Answer 66

G, U, S, H

Question 67

sign on q when it gains thermal energy

Answer 67

+

Question 68

sign on q when it losses thermal energy

Answer 68

-

Question 69

sign on w when work is done on a system

Answer 69

+

Question 70

sign on w when work is done by a system

Answer 70

-

Question 71

sign on delta E when energy flows into the system

Answer 71

+

Question 72

sign on delta E when energy flows out of the system

Answer 72

-

Question 73

sign on w when volume is increased

Answer 73

-

Question 74

sign on w when volume is decreased

Answer 74

+

Question 75

A negative change in entropy indicates that the products have a ______ number of available energy microstates than the reactants.

Answer 75

smaller

Question 76

solid→liquid→gas leads to a ______ in entropy

Answer 76

increase

Question 77

an decrease in the number of gas molecules leads to a ______ in entropy

Answer 77

decrease

Question 78

a solid dissolving to form a solution leads to a ______ in entropy

Answer 78

increase

Question 79

if there is 4 particles of gas in a container and the volume increases, this leads to a ______ in entropy

Answer 79

increase

Question 80

entropy ______ with an increase in number of gas particles in a container

Answer 80

increases

Question 81

entropy _____ with a decrease in temperature

Answer 81

decreases

Question 82

what has greater entropy mixtures or pure substances

Answer 82

mixtures

Question 83

entropy _____ as molecules get more complex

Answer 83

increases

Question 84

What must be true of a solid or liquid to be considered in its standard state?

Answer 84

it must be pure

Question 85

when do you make a heat negative

Answer 85

in an exothermic reaction that releases heat