Exam 1 - Math / Interactions / Absorption Flashcards

Question

Indications / Usage

Answer 1

- FDA-approved | - reasons why you would take drug

Answer 2

- warnings - who should not take drug - when you shouldn't take drug

Answer 3

- combo therapy is preferable/necessary to produce effect - single pathology may have multiple symptoms - may suffer from more than one pathology - modification of drug effect when given with another drug

Answer 4

- drug combo therapy

Answer 5

- adverse side effects

Answer 6

- Adds two drug effects for overall greater effect | - doubling up

Answer 7

- bad if used together | - too much effect (overkill)

Answer 8

- one drug increases the response of another drug, which normally has lesser effect

Answer 9

- unintended side effects - 5% of hospitalization - tremors / bronchospasm / headache / vomiting / etc - Not all ADRs are allergies

Answer 10

- immune mediated - induce hypersensitivity rxn - mild hives to anaphylactic shock - one example of an ADR

Answer 11

- what body does to a drug - Absorption (input) - move from admin site to plasma - rate limiting is how fast it is dissolved - Small / non polar / lipophillic will go through - Distribution - dissemination of drug through body - bloodstream is major vehicle - influenced by flow / solubility / protein binding - Metabolism - transformation into secondary components (metabolites) - preparing drug for elimination...more water soluble - performed by liver... cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems - Elimination (output) - removal via urine, bile, feces - also via pulmonary, skin, hair, saliva, and expiration

Answer 12

- what the drug does to the body

Answer 13

- determined by property of drug - solubility - ionization - how fast we want it to act - need for long term treatment - if need to restrict to local site

Answer 14

- through digestive tract - usually through mouth - most common / safest / convenient / economical

Answer 15

- through outside of digestive tract directly into circulation - IV / IM / SC - Good: - drugs poorly absorbed via GI - patients who can't take oral drugs - need rapid onset - highest bioavailability - most control over dosage - Bad: - irreversible - cause pain and fear - local tissue damage - infections

Answer 16

- under tongue - bypass GI - rapid absorption

Answer 17

- Between gums and cheek - directly into circulation - bypass GI - rapid absorption

Answer 18

- easily self administered - antidote for overdose - low stomach pH inactivated some drugs - can use enteric coating to get to small intestine - enteric coating good for acid unstable drugs - most complicated absorption

Answer 19

- special coatings or ingredients that control release - slow absorption - prolonged duration of action - less frequent dose (improved compliance) - useful for short half lives

Answer 20

- drug into vein - most common parenteral route - rapid effect / max control Bad: - infection - hemolysis - no drug recall - ADRs

Answer 21

- directly into muscle - aqueous solutions absorbed fast - specialized depot preps

Answer 22

- into subcutaneous tissue of skin - via diffusion - slower drug onset vs IV - constant, slow, sustained effects - insulin

Answer 23

- airways and lungs - rapid delivery - patients with respiratory disorders - direct delivery to site of action

Answer 24

- into cerebrospinal fluid - rapid delivery - good if need to bypass blood-brain barrier - epidural / antibiotics for meningitis

Answer 25

- onto skin - good for local effect - acne

Answer 26

- via the skin - gets into systemic circulation - control rate of absorption - sustained delivery - patches

Answer 27

- via rectum - avoid stomach acid - good to avoid vomiting - Bad: - erratic and variable absorption - irritate rectum - not well accepted route

Answer 28

- environment - chemical characteristics of drug - route of admin

Answer 29

- slightly acidic - thin epithelium / high vascularity - bypass hepatic system (no 1st pass)

Answer 30

- very acidic - folds increase SA - no absorption - just digestion

Answer 31

- site of absorption | - deep folds with villi and microvilli

Answer 32

- little absorption (just water and Na) | - bypass hepatic system

Answer 33

- Passive (aqueous or lipid) - Facilitated - Active - Endo/Exocytosis

Answer 34

- most common mechanism for drugs - [ ] gradient is driving force - not saturable - low specificity - through aqueous channel pore or lipid membrane

Answer 35

- applies to aqueous and lipid | - Net diffusion = (area)([ ] gradient) / thickness of membrane

Answer 36

- via transmembrane carrier proteins - conformational change allows passage - high [ ] to low [ ] - no energy - saturable - inhibited by competitors

Answer 37

- drugs that resemble natural metabolites - energy dependent - against gradient - saturable - selective - competitively inhibited

Answer 38

- for large molecules across membrane | - in or out

Answer 39

- pH - Blood flow (direct) - intestine gets more flow so intestine is favored - in shock... low skin flow makes SC absorption poor - Surface area (direct) - intestines have 1000x greater than stomach - Contact time - Stomach...slow emptying = decrease absorption - intestine... slow transit time = better absorption - P-glycoproteins - transmembrane transport protein that pumps out drugs - reduces drug absorption - liver / kidneys / placenta / intestines / brain

Answer 40

HA H+ + A- - release a proton - HA is drug - acidic environment shifts rxn left - acidic drugs more soluble in acidic pH and visa versa

Answer 41

BH+ B + H+ - accept protons - B is drug - basic environment shifts rxn right

Answer 42

- more acidic drug is

Answer 43

- more basic drug is

Answer 44

- protonated form dominates | - HA and BH+

Answer 45

- deprotonated form dominates | - A- and B

Answer 46

- can trap in urine by ionizing them - acidic drugs excreted faster in basic urine - basic drugs excreted faster in acidic urine - can also trap drugs in: - stomach - small intestine - breast milk - aqueous humor - vaginal/prostatic secretions

Answer 47

- fraction of drug unchanged following administration - important foe calculating drug dosages for non-IV - determined by: - compare plasma levels of drug after IV admin - compare plasma levels of drug after non-IV admin - Area under curve is extent of absorption - %BioComp. = AUC oral / AUC IV

Answer 48

- 1st pass hepatic metabolism - decreases absorption if goes through 1st pass - solubility of drug - hydrophilic poorly absorbed - extremely lipophilic also poor - ideal is weak acid / weak base - chemical instability of drug - pH of stomach can lead to this - Degradative enzymes in GI tract too (like on insulin) - nature of drug formulation - particle size - salt form - enteric coatings - binders and dispersing agents

Answer 49

- 1st dissolved | - 2nd absorbed

Answer 50

- comparable: - Bioavailability - Time to peak [ ]

Answer 51

- Bioequivalent but also: - same amount of active drug - same dose - same admin route

Answer 52

- Bioequivalent - Pharmaceutically equivalent but also: - Comparable: - clinical effect - safety profile - These are generic drugs