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Physiology > Exam 1 (Metabolism) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Metabolism) Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the inputs and products of the Krebs Cycle (per one molecule of pyruvate)?

A

inputs:

  • acetyl CoA (2C)
  • 3 NAD+
  • FAD
  • GDP

products:

  • oxaloacetate (4C)
  • 3 NADH
  • FADH2
  • 2 CO2
  • ATP
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2
Q

What is the difference between tonicity and osmolarity?

A

tonicty compares a cell to the solution it’s in; osmolarity compares two solutions

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3
Q

How does the integrating center function in homeostasis?

A
  1. comparator compares info from sensor to known set point
  2. effector triggers any necessary response
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4
Q

What is the P:O ratio, and what is its normal value?

A

ATP formed per O reduced to H2O;
normal = 3 (fully coupled)
abnormal = 0 (fully uncoupled)

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5
Q

What are the inputs and products of glycolysis?

A

inputs:

  • glucose
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NAD+

products:

  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
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6
Q

How does anaerobic glycolysis differ from aerobic glycolysis?

A

pyruvate is the final electron acceptor; turned into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What does sodium azide affect and how?

A

irreversibly inhibits complex IV

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8
Q

What factors increase membrane fluidity?

A
  • higher temperature
  • less cholesterol
  • more double bonds in phospholipid tails
  • shorter phospholipid tails
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9
Q

What can change the composition of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipases

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10
Q

What are the two types of membrane protein involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

channel and carrier proteins

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11
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do, and why is it important?

A

converts pyruvate to lactate
regenerates NAD+

in reverse, it converts lactate to pyruvate

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12
Q

What are some types of non-penetrating solutes?

A

ions, large molecules, etc.

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13
Q

How many molecules of Na+ and K+ are pumped by the Na+/K+ pump, and in what direction? What else is used?

A

3 Na+ are pumped out
2 K+ are pumped in
1 ATP reduced to ADP

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14
Q

What is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

oxygen free radical formed by premature theft of electrons from ETC; possible because of minimal E’ difference between CII, Q, and CIII

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15
Q

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

A

can be used to determine fuel type

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16
Q

What enzyme facilitates the bicarbonate reaction?

A

CO2 + H2 -carbonic anhydrase-> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

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17
Q

What is the name and transport type of the glucose transporter used in facilitated diffusion?

A
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18
Q

What happens after exercise?

A

excess post-exercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
lactate –> pyruvate
Mb replenished

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19
Q

How fast do the various ATP production mechanisms run out in oxygen deficit?

A
  • stored ATP: 1-2 s
  • phosphogens: 5-10 s
  • stored O2: ~30 s
  • anaerobic glycolysis: ~60 s
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20
Q

What are the two subunits of LDH, and what are their affinities?

A
  • M: pyruvate affinity; anaerobic environment
  • H: lactate activity; aerobic environment
  • LDH is some combination of 4 of the 2 types
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21
Q

What enzyme regulates whether or not glycolysis or glycogen sythesis occurs? How?

Study These Flashcards
A

phosphofructokinase; it is allosterically regulated by ATP; HIGH levels of ATP shut it off

22
Q

What are some types of penetrating solutes?

Study These Flashcards
A

urea and glucose

23
Q

How does Na+/K+ ATPase work?

24
Q

What are the products of the G3P –> pyruvic acid process?

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A

1 NADH; 1 ATP (per 1 molecule of G3P)

25
What are the inputs and products of beta-oxidation?
inputs: * ATP * NAD+ * FAD * 2C hydrocarbon products: * ADP * NADH * FADH2 * acetyl CoA
26
How many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of NADH and FADH2 respectively?
3 ATP from 1 NADH 2 ATP from 1 FADH2
27
What does osmolarity measure?
of particles per liter comparison between 2 solutions
28
What happens to the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids?
beta-oxidation; 2C at a time are cut off and turned to acetyl CoA
29
What does dinitrophenol do?
decoupling agent; allows H+ through membrane without passing through ATP synthase
30
What is the effect of exogenous antioxidants?
antioxidants from diet; block some of the chain reactions that constitute and cause oxidative damage
31
What are the four mechanisms of ATP production?
1. aerobic catabolism 2. anaerobic glycolysis 3. Pi stores (phosphogens) 4. oxygen stores in muscles (Mb; Hb)
32
What is a facultative anaerobe?
organism that uses oxygen when it is available, but can survive without it
33
What active transport protein imports glucose, and what other molecule is used?
34
What is the Cori Cycle?
lactate metabolism glucose \<--\> pyruvate \<--\> lactate net 4 ATP loss
35
What enzyme converts glucose to G6P and what is the purpose of this?
hexokinase; gets rid of glucose to preserve the gradient that keeps glucose moving into the cell
36
What are the inputs and products of pyruvate processing (one pyruvate molecule)?
inputs: * pyruvate * NAD * coenzyme A products: * acetyl CoA * NADH * CO2
37
What is the effect of endogenous antioxidants?
internal repair systems; block ROS formation
38
What is the important pathway of the Krebs Cycle?
acetyl CoA (2C) --\> citrate (6C) --\> oxaloacetate (4C)
39
What does cyanide affect and how?
reversibly inhibits complex IV
40
What is the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?
substrate-level: chemical energy --\> chemical energy oxidative: chemical energy --\> membrane gradient --\> chemical energy
41
What process happens when glucose is needed?
gluconeogenesis
42
How do phosphate stores work?
creatine phosphate + ADP -creatine kinase-\> creatine + ATP
43
What happens to the lactate formed in anaerobic glycolysis?
can be used in gluconeogenesis; can enter the Krebs Cycle
44
What is the main pathway of homeostasis?
stimulus --\> integrating center --\> response
45
What is the equation for metabolic rate?
MR = VO2(ml O2/gh) x (kJ/LO2) x (1/1000 ml)
46
What happens to the energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) that are generated during glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the Krebs Cycle?
go to the electron transport chain
47
Where is glycogen stored?
liver; muscles
48
What does rotenone affect and how?
competitively inhibits complex I; still allows for NAD+ regeneration but blocks electron pumping
49
What happens to the sugar of triglycerides?
glycerol is turned into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (requires 1 ATP and generates 1 NADH), which is turned into pyruvate
50
What are the ATP synthase conformations?
1. loose (ADP + Pi) 2. tight (ATP formation) 3. open (ATP leaves) 1 spin makes 3 ATP

Physiology (7 decks)

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