exam 1 (module 1-2-3) Flashcards by Katharine Munger

what is released from the anterior pituitary

FSH and LH
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

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what do the ovaries secrete

estrogen and progesteron

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what does the hypothalamus secrete

GnRH (gonad releasing hormone)

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what is pGE and PGF responsible for

prostaglandin hormone
PGE – vasodilatory, smooth muscle relaxant
PGF: – vasoconstrictive, smooth muscle contractor

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follicular phase

growth of follicle from primary to mature
LH surges to release the egg,
there is estrogen dominance
variable in time

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Luteal phase

conversion of the empty follicle into the corpus luteum
-progesterone dominance
- constant in time (14 days)

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where would ovulation occur for
21 day cycle?
24 day cycle?
35
42

subtract 14 –
21 -14 = 7
28 -14 = 14
35 -14 = 21
42 - 14 = 28

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when does conception occur in a 28 cycle?

in a 28 cycle conception occurs 2 weeks after 1st day of LMP

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what does gestational age include?

it includes the LMP and the following week, so we are adding 2 weeks to have a 40 week pregnant cycle

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first trimester

organogenesis/cellular hyperplasia

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second trimester

cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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third trimester

cellular hypertrophy

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what is the first 2 weeks after conception considered?

an all-or-none period
-exposure is either so great that the embryo dies, OR only a few cells are damaged and the embryo recovers and develops normally

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what happens during weeks 3-8?

mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm differentiate to form all organ systems
-the embryo is most likely to be damaged during this time

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Fetal Development Milestones:
When does the heartbeat begin?

28 days after conception (6 weeks gestational age)

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Fetal Development Milestones: When does male differentiation begin?

begins at 4-6 weeks, tho not typically detectable US until 16-20 weeks

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Fetal Development Milestones: When are all organ structures formed?

all organ structures are formed by 8 weeks after conception (or 10 weeks gestational age)

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Fetal Development Milestones: When does fetal breathing movements and fetal hearing develop?

fetal breathing movements and fetal hearing develops by about 16 weeks

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when is the youngest preterm survivor?

21 4/7 weeks

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how does the umbilical cord arteries and vein work

umbilical vein is brining nutrition to the fetus//
arteries are taking waste away from the fetus

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What is the function of amniotic fluid?

-cushions from injury
-provides fetus with a stable thermal environment
-fluid enables the fetus to grow
-fluid enables the fetus to practice swallowing and breathing

what does amniotic fluid contain?

urea, uric acid, bililrubin, fructose, fat, leukocytes, proteins, epithelial cells, enzymes and lanugo

what does the Placenta excrete? (endocrine)

human placental lactogen (hPL)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
progesterone
estrogen

what does the placenta do metabolic wise?

facilitates hydrostatic & osmotic pressure gradients for active and facilitated transport of nutrients and waste

T/F: the ductus arteriosus lies between the aorta and the pulmonary artery

T -- this allows us to bypass the liver

T/F: The ductus venosus is the structure that allows the blood to bypass the liver

T/F" The foramen ovale is a hole between the ventricles

False

T/F: the umbilical vein contains oxygen poor blood

false (in fetal circulation it is flipped)

What are the goals of fetal circulation

-maintain flow to the placenta -shunt blood away from lungs and liver

what are the three special ducts in fetal circulation

1) ductus venosus (liver bypass umbilical vein to IVC 2. Foramen ovale (right ventricle bypass) hole b/t right and left atria 3) ductus arteriosis (pulmonary artery/lung bypass) duct b/t pulmonary artery and descending aorta

Which of the following hormone elevations will indicate a high probability that the client in pregnant?

HCG -- human chorionic gonadotropin

what does prolactin do?

milk production

what does luteinizing hormone do?

get the mature eggo out

positive signs of pregnancy

-fetal heartbeat per Doppler or fetoscope -fetal movement (palpated or visualized *per trained profes) -visualization of fetus on ultrasound -delivery

is it normal to see a mild elevation of WBC in pregnant women?

yes

are preggy people at higher risk for gallstones?

yes because there is decreased gallbaldder muscle tone that leads to delayed emptying (progesterone)

glomerular filtration rate changes during pregnancy

increased rate, but it is sloppy so glucose and traces of protein may be spilled

what is pre-conception care goals?

folic acid 800 mcg daily begin tracking menses D/C caffeine tobacco, ETO, illegal drugs, some Rx meds review family genetic history normal BMI nutrition

what is the definition of pre-term

before 34 weeks however--> late pre-term (34-36)

what would 37 be

term m

what is late term

after 41 weeks and before 42 weeks

what labs to do at 28 week >

CBC, glucose tolerance test, ABS (if Rh negative), Syphilis (high risk)

36-37 week labs

GBS testing, repeat GC/CT (<25)

initial labs

CBC, blood type, Rh, ABS, syphilis, rubella status, hep B and C, HIV, urine culture, gonorrhea and chlamydia, pap smear, TB testing (in high risk pts), varicella, TORCH

why is Rhogam given during pregnancy?

to prevent the formation of maternal antibodies that might attack the fetus of an RH neg mom with an RH pos fetus

at how many weeks can we auscultate with the doppler the fetal heart tones?

10-12 weeks

when should the fetal heart beat be seen on US?

after 6 weeks

when should fetal movement be felt?

18-22 weeks

fundal height measurement after 20 weeks

use measuring tape

what are some triggers for the labor process

-uterine distention -placental aging -hormonal mediation (progesterone withdrawal, prostaglandin synthesis, corticotropin releasing hormone)

signs of impending labor

"lightening: the fetus drops into the pelvis, making it easier to breathe, and harder to walk, increase in braxton hicks contractions -cervical mucous/bloody show -weight loss due to increase in loose stools r/t prostaglandins -burst of energy -nesting -change in sleep cycles

how is fetal circulation different from newborn circulation?

the goal is to shunt blood away from the lungs and liver and maintain the flow to the placenta 3 special ducts: ductus venosus (liver bypass) foramen ovale (right ventricle bypass) ductus arteriosis (pulmonary artery/lung bypass)