Exam 1 Need to Review

Question 1

Saccharolytic

Answer 1

These are bacteria that metabolize sugars for energy

Lows the PH

Question 2

Asaccharolytic

Answer 2

These bacteria use amaino acids for energy

Along the gums and raises the PH

Question 3

Lipopolysaccharides

Answer 3

A component of the outer cell membrane in gram - bacteria that activate host inflammation repsonses

Question 4

What is peptidoglycan composed of

Answer 4

N-acetylmuramic acid

N- acetylglucosamine

Question 5

Purpose of Peptidoglycan

Answer 5

Network that is in the cell walls. Thick in gram + and thin in Gram -

Question 6

How thick is the peptidoglycan layer in Gram +

Answer 6

up to 30 layers

Question 7

Biofilm

Answer 7

community of mircro-organisms that are anchored to a surface (tooth or dock)

Question 8

Proteome

Answer 8

like a genenome of proteins

Question 9

Caries

Answer 9

tooth decay or cavities formed by specific types of bacteria in the enamel and dentin

Question 10

Where do biofilms form

Answer 10

Biofilms develop in any fluid filled environment containing microorganisms that are subjected to stress or fluid flow.

Question 11

What are the stages of Oral Biofilm development

Answer 11

Stage 1 (Lag) Foundation is set by gram positive bacteria like streptococci.
Stage 2 (Log)- recruitment of bio diverse bacteria, corss-linking forms network of bacteria. 
Stage 3 (Stationary) predominantly gram negative
Stage 4 (Death) stough off.

Question 12

Plaque

Answer 12

This is the soft bio film that build up on the tooth surface due to the attachment of bacteria.

Question 13

Calculus

Answer 13

The hardened version of plaque that occurs as a result of deposition of mineral like calcium into the plaque. (CALCIFIED)

Question 14

Pellicle

Answer 14

The thin layer or protein that forms on the layer of the tooth. This occurs through the binding of glycoprotiens that are present in saliva.

Question 15

Glucans

Answer 15

polysaccharide that is made from glucose monomers. These monomers are first broken down from sucrose and then built into glucans.

Question 16

Fructans

Answer 16

are polysaccharides that are built from fructose monomers that are derieved from sucrose.

Question 17

Differences between prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

Answer 17

Eukaryotic cells have greater cell organization, many chromosomes, and 10x larger

Question 18

Glucans and fructans function how

Answer 18

they provide nutrients to bacteria in the oral cavity and attritubute to the accumulation of plaque

Question 19

What are the major casual agents for Dental Caries

Answer 19

Streptococcus mutans
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus fermentum

Question 20

How do Asaccharolytic bacteria get energy

Answer 20

reduction and deanimation

Question 21

What causes bad breath or Oral Malordor

Answer 21

As cysteine and methionine are fermented one of the end products is hydrogen sulfide, which causes oral malodor (often associated with periodontal disease).

Question 22

What is the composition of Saliva

Answer 22

Composition: ~99% water and contains Na, K, Ca, Mg, bicarbonate and phosphates, immunoglobulin proteins, enzymes, mucins and nitrogenous products such as urea and NH3

Question 23

What are the different types of Saliva

Answer 23

Serous- produced in the parotid glands
Mucous- made in the minor glands
Mixed Serous and Mucos-
Main product of the sublingual and submandibular glands

Question 24

Purposes of Saliva

Answer 24

Lubrication and protection
Buffering action and clearance
Maintenance of tooth integrity
Antibacterial activity
Taste and digestion
Saliva production is 750-1000 ml/day

Question 25

Gingival Crevicular Fluid

Answer 25

Secreted (1-2 ml/day) into the space (gingival sulcus) between the surface of the tooth and the free margin of the epithelium lining of the gingiva.
Functions may include:
Cleansing the sulcus
Improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth
Anitmicrobial properties
Antibody defense of the gingiva

Question 26

What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid

Answer 26

A phophate (hydrophillic head)
A glyceral molecule
and
two chains of fatty acids (uncharged and hydrophobic)

Question 27

What is the chemical structure of a triglyceride?

Answer 27

A tri-ester with a glycerol bound to three fatty acid chains.

Question 28

What is the chemical structure of a fatty acid

Answer 28

This is a carbon chain that extends and has a carboxyl group at the end.

Question 29

Prostaglandins:

Answer 29

Prostaglandins are produced in just about every nucleated cell. They are potent, short-acting signaling molecules and function through only paracrine (locally active) or autocrine signals (acting on the same cell from which it is synthesized).

Question 30

Lipid rafts

Answer 30

The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors organized in glycolipoprotein microdomains termed lipid rafts.

Lipid rafts are more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer, but float freely in the

Although more common in plasma membrane, lipid rafts have also been reported in other parts of the cell, such as Golgi and lysosomes.

Research has shown that lipid rafts have 3 to five times the amount of cholesterol compared to the surrounding membrane.

Question 31

Functions of Lipid Rafts:

Answer 31

These specialized membrane microdomains compartmentalize cellular processes by serving as organizing centers for the assembly of signaling molecules, influencing membrane fluidity and membrane protein trafficking, and regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking.

Question 32

Trans Fat:

Answer 32

unhealthy type of fat.

Question 33

Gap Junctions

Answer 33

Gap junctions allow passage of molecules up to 1,000 molecular weight in size to pass thru, e.g., cAMP, calcium ions. One gap junction channel is composed of two connexons (or hemichannels) which connect across the intercellular space. Gap junctions allow passage of molecules up to 1,000 molecular weight in size to pass thru, e.g., cAMP, calcium ions. One gap junction channel is composed of two connexons (or hemichannels) which connect across the intercellular space.

Question 34

Flippases/floppases:

Answer 34

family of transmembrane lipid transporter enzymes located in the membrane responsible for aiding the movement of phospholipid molecules between the two leaflets comprising a cell membrane.

Question 35

Hydrophobic effect

Answer 35

the tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules. The hydrophobic effect is the driving force behind the folding of proteins, the formation of lipid bilayers and micelles, and the insertion of membrane proteins into the nonpolar lipid environment. Charles Tanford was the biochemist who popularized the discussion about the “hydrophobic effect.”

Question 36

Methods of characterization of lipid membranes:

Answer 36

1. ultracentrifugation: used to separate different membrane bound compartments like mitochondria and nucleus 2. density gradient ultracentrifugation: used to separate biological membranes containing lipids (and having lower densities) from proteins (having higher density) 3. Electron microscopy: An EM has greater resolving power than a light microscope and can reveal the structure of smaller objects because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light photons.
   They can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.
2. Fluorescence microscopy: uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
3. Atomic force microscopy: very high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy, with demonstrated
   resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.