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Flashcards in Exam 1: Neurotransmitters Deck (27)
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1
Q

šNeuronal synapses vary by

A

Size of synaptic contact

šNeurotransmitter released

šEfficiency of synaptic transmission

šMechanisms to terminate neurotransmitters

šSynaptic plasticity (actively changing the effectiveness of the neuron or synapse itself)

2
Q

What does this image illustrate (in broad terms)

A

That recepters can be highly specidic (ACh on left image) or be activated by many neurotransmitters (image on right)

3
Q

Know the main Classes of Synaptic Transmitters:

A

Classes of Synaptic Transmitters:

Amino acids

Monoamines

Cathecholamines

Neuropeptides

4
Q

Know which transmitters Excite, Inhibit, or Modulate synapses:

***One of these will prob be on the exam***

A

transmitters that** **Excite synapses: (opens Na+ channels)

Glutamate, Aspartate, ACh*

transmitters that Inhibit** **synapses: (opens Cl- or K+ channels)

GABA, Glycine, ACh*, Serotonin, Dopamine*, Enkephalines*, Endorphins*

transmitters that Modulate synapses:

NE

*transmitters that sometimes activate these synapses

5
Q

Name 4 Amino acids synaptic transmitters

Do they excite, inhibit, or modulate synapses?

A

šGlutamate (excite; activates as Na+ channels)

Aspartate (excite; activates as Na+ channels)

GABA (inhibit; activates Cl- channels)

Glycine (inhibit; activates Cl- channels)

6
Q

Glycine:

šSecreted at _____ of the spinal cord

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

šBinds to its receptor which makes the _____ membrane more permeable to _____ ions; _____ the membrane

šParticipates in the processing of _____ and _____ information that permits _____, _____, and _____

_____ is a glycine antagonist

A

Glycine:

šSecreted at synapses of the spinal cord

šInhibitory

šBinds to its receptor which makes the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to chloride ions; hyperpolarizes the membrane

šParticipates in the processing of motor and sensory information that permits movement, vision, and audition

šStrychnine is a glycine antagonist

7
Q

Gaba: (šGamma-aminobutyric acid)

šSecreted šby _____ _____ in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, many areas of the cortex

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

šReceptor connected to _____ ion channel like glycine

_____ the membrane

š_____ inhibits GABA release

š_____ enhances GABA’s inhibitory effects

A

Gaba:

Secreted šby nerve terminals in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, many areas of the cortex

MAJOR šInhibitory NT

šReceptor connected to chloride ion channel like glycine

šHyperpolarizes the membrane

šCaffeine inhibits GABA release

šPentobarbital enhances GABA’s inhibitory effects (greater potential change; see image)

8
Q

Pentobarbital:

šenhances _____ _____ effects

A

Pentobarbital:

enhances GABA’s inhibitory effects

9
Q

Glutamate:

šSecreted šin many _____ pathways and in the _____ _____

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

ššIonotropic receptors š_____ and _____

A

Glutamate:

Secreted šin many sensory pathways and in the cerebral cortex

Excitation

ššIonotropic receptors šAMPA* and šNMDA*š

both excite, conduct of Na+

* some systems only have AMPA, some have BOTH. But NMDA requires AMPA (to the change membrane potential enough) to remove the Mg2+ blocking the NMDA recepter which allows it to open.

10
Q

Name 3 Monoamine synaptic transmitters

Do they excite, inhibit, or modulate synapses?

A

šACh (normally excites, but some inhibitory)

Serotonin (inhibits)

šHistamine

11
Q

Acetylcholine:

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

One of the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease disease is marked decrease in Ach concentrations of the _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

Acetylcholine:

Excitation ššbut… šSome inhibitory effects*

*Peripheral parasympathetic nerve endings, and šInhibition of the heart by vagus nerve

šOne of the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is marked decrease in Ach concentrations of the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus

12
Q

Alzheimer’s:

šA disease in which a marked deterioration occurs in the _____, the hallmark of which is _____ dementia.

šOne of the characteristics of this disease is marked _____ in _____ concentrations of the _____ _____ and _____ _____

šAdministering _____ in Alzheimer’s patients

A

Alzheimer’s:

šA disease in which a marked deterioration occurs in the CNS, the hallmark of which is progressive dementia.

šOne of the characteristics of this disease is marked decrease in Ach concentrations of the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus

šAdministering anticholinesterase in Alzheimer’s patients

13
Q

Serotonin:

šSecreted by nuclei that originate in the _____ _____ of the brain stem

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

š_____ of _____ pathways in the cord

š_____ action in higher regions of the nervous system to help control _____ and perhaps _____

š_____ drugs, such as _____, interact with serotonin

šDepression medication also target serotonin by blocking the _____ causing _____ action (šexample: _____)

A

Serotonin:

šSecreted by nuclei that originate in the median raphe of the brain stem

Inhibition

šInhibitor of pain pathways in the cord

šInhibitor action in higher regions of the nervous system to help control mood and perhaps sleep

šHallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, interact with serotonin

šDepression medication also target serotonin by blocking the re-uptake causing prolonged action (example: šProzac)

14
Q

Name 3 Cathecholamine synaptic transmitters

Do they excite, inhibit, or modulate synapses?

A

šDopamine (inhibits)

NE (modulatory! Not an excitor or inhibitor)

šEpinephrine

15
Q

Dopamine:

šSecreted by _____ that originate in the _____ _____

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

šDegeneration of dopamine-containing cells produce motor disorders such as _____ _____

šCocaine _____ dopaminergic activity in the brain by _____ dopamine _____

šAmphetamines _____ _____ but also _____ dopamine from most brain regions

A

Dopamine:

šSecreted by neurons that originate in the substantia nigra

Inhibition NT

Degeneration of dopamine-containing cells produce motor disorders such as Parkinson disease (due to over excitation!)

šCocaine increases dopaminergic activity in the brain by inhibiting dopamine re-uptake

šAmphetamines inhibit re-uptake but also release dopamine from most brain regions (uses 3 mechanisms!)

16
Q

šCocaine:

increases _____ _____ in the brain by inhibiting _____ _____

A

šCocaine:

increases dopaminergic activity in the brain by inhibiting dopamine re-uptake

17
Q

šAmphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft in 3 ways:

(1) It can bind to the _____ membrane of dopaminergic neurons and _____ the release of dopamine from the nerve terminal
(2) amphetamine can interact with dopamine containing _____ _____, releasing free dopamine into the nerve terminal
(3) amphetamine can bind to the dopamine _____ _____, causing it to _____ and transport free dopamine _____ the nerve terminal

A

Amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft in 3 ways:

(1) It can bind to the pre-synaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons and induce the release of dopamine from the nerve terminal
(2) amphetamine can interact with dopamine containing synaptic vesicles, releasing free dopamine into the nerve terminal
(3) amphetamine can bind to the dopamine re-uptake transporter, causing it to act in reverse and transport free dopamine out of the nerve terminal

18
Q

šNorepinephrine:

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

A

šNorepinephrine:

Modulatoryš

19
Q

Name a šPurine Derivatives synaptic transmitter

Do they excite, inhibit, or modulate synapses?

A

ATP

It is not a sepecific excititory or inhibitory transmitter, but it does function as a NT

*Just know it can be a NT

20
Q

Name a šNeuropeptide synaptic transmitter

Do they excite, inhibit, or modulate synapses?

A

enkephalins (inhibits)

endorphines (inhibits)*

*šsame as enkephalins, but with a more potent and longer lasting effect

21
Q

Enkephalins: (brief overview)

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

Synthesis is increased during _____ _____

Enkephalins bind to the _____ receptors in the brain, _____ _____.

A

Enkephalins: (brief overview)

Inhibiting

Synthesis is increased during painful stressšš

Enkephalins bind to the opioid receptors in the brain, šrelieving pain.

22
Q

Enkephalins: (mechanism)

Released _____ _____ synapses involved in transmitting _____ signals back to the brain, _____ _____ the terminal of a _____-signaling neuron

Enkephalins _____ the presynaptic membrane of the pain-signaling neuron, thus _____ it from transmitting _____ signals

_____ and other opioids bind _____ _____ _____ ( pain killers)

A

Enkephalins: (mechanism)

Released close to synapses involved in transmitting pain signals back to the brain, close to the terminal of a pain-signaling neuron

Enkephalins hyperpolarize the presynaptic membrane of the pain-signaling neuron, thus inhibiting it from transmitting pain signals

Morphine and other opioids bind these same receptors: (pain killers)

23
Q

endorphines:

Is it Excititory, šInhibitory, or Modulatoryš?

šsame as _____, but with a _____ potent and _____ lasting effect

A

endorphines:

Inhibiting

šsame as enkephalins, but with a more potent and longer lasting effect

*Substance P is a type of endorphine

24
Q

Nitric Oxide:

šSecreted in areas of the brain responsible for _____-_____ behavior and _____

š_____ than the other NT in its class

šNot _____ and _____ in vesicles in the presynaptic terminal but is _____ _____ as needed and _____ to postsynaptic terminals

A

Nitric Oxide:

šSecreted in areas of the brain responsible for long-term behavior and memory

šDifferent than the other NT in its class

šNot preformed and stored in vesicles in the presynaptic terminal but is synthesized instantly as needed and diffuses to postsynaptic terminals

25
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of synaptic inhibition?

A. GABA

B. Serotonin

C. Norepinephrine

D. Acetylcholine

A

Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of synaptic inhibition?

A. B. & D.

GABA, Serotonin, & Acetylcholine

26
Q

A 21-year-old motorcycle driver was involved in a severe car accident. The physician administered morphine for pain. Which of the following describe the mechanism in which this drug works?

A. Depolarizes the pain-signaling neuron decreasing excitability

B. Depolarizes the pain-signaling neuron increasing excitability

C. Hyperpolarizing the pain-signaling neuron decreasing excitability

D. Hyperpolarizing the pain-signaling neuron increasing excitability

A

A 21-year-old motorcycle driver was involved in a severe car accident. The physician administered morphine for pain. Which of the following describe the mechanism in which this drug works?

C.

Hyperpolarizing the pain-signaling neuron decreasing excitability

27
Q

A wife brings her 45-year-old husband into the hospital for uncontrollable muscle spasms with arching of his back and rigid arms. The physician suspects this man has been poisoned and strychnine is confirmed via blood analysis. Which of the following describes the mechanism in which this poison works?

A. Antagonist to glycine causing neuronal membrane depolarization and overexcitation

B. Antagonist to glycine causing neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition

C. Agonist to glycine causing neuronal membrane depolarization and overexcitation

D. Agonist to glycine causing neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition

A

A wife brings her 45-year-old husband into the hospital for uncontrollable muscle spasms with arching of his back and rigid arms. The physician suspects this man has been poisoned and strychnine is confirmed via blood analysis. Which of the following describes the mechanism in which this poison works?

A.

Antagonist to glycine causing neuronal membrane depolarization and overexcitation

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