Exam 1 Part 2 Organelles & specilazations

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

Sarcolemma

Question 2

Elaborate, tubular network which functions to store and transport calcium ions to the myofibrils

Answer 2

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 3

Tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma which allow electrical impulses to enter the muscle fiber and make their way to the myofibrils

Answer 3

Transverse Tubules (T-system)

Question 4

• Red protein pigment which found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber

Answer 4

Myoglobin

Question 5

Not only gives color to the muscle, but stores the needed oxygen that the fibers need to utilize for metabolism

Answer 5

Myoglobin

Question 6

Has a greater affinity for oxygen that that of hemoglobin

Answer 6

Myoglobin

Question 7

_________ is the contractile apparatus of the muscle fiber

- Formed from longitudinally oriented bindles of thick and thin filaments known as_______

Answer 7

Myofibrils; Myofilaments

Question 8

I-Bands

Answer 8

Light areas

Question 9

A-bands

Answer 9

Dark areas

Question 10

H-bands

Answer 10

Light areas in the middle of each dark band (A-band)

Question 11

M-bands

Answer 11

Thin dark line down the middle of each H- band

Question 12

Z-lines

Answer 12

Thin dark line in the middle of each I-band

Question 13

Each myofibril is composed of numerous units known as _________, which is the smallest functional unit of the muscle and automatically runs from one Z-line to the next Z-line

Answer 13

Sarcomere

Question 14

Main proteins of skeletal muscle, consisting of actin and myosin

Answer 14

Contractile proteins

Question 15

Found mainly in the I-bands

Answer 15

Actin

Question 16

Found mainly in the A-bands

Answer 16

Myosin

Question 17

These two proteins have the ability to interact with one another to create movement (contraction)

Answer 17

Actin and Myosin

Question 18

Act to inhibit the interaction of actin and myosin, preventing indiscriminate movement

Answer 18

Regulator proteins

Question 19

2 most common regulatory proteins are:

Answer 19

Troponin and tropomyosin

Question 20

Troponin and tropromysin recognize _______ as the signal to allow actin and myosin to interact with one another

Answer 20

Calcium

Question 21

• Eliminates the inhibition caused by the regulatory proteins and thus allows muscle contractions to occur

Answer 21

Calcium

Question 22

The nerve impulse from the transverse tubules stimulates the release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

The binding of calcium with _______ changes the shape of the nearby ________ molecule (moving it aside) and exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule

Answer 23

Troponin; Tropomyosin

Question 24

• Takes place in the mitochondria

- More efficient way to produce ATP in a muscle fiber

Answer 24

Aerobic pathway

Question 25

This pathway creates more energy than is needed for the production of ATP and the excess energy is released as heat and contributes to keeping the body at its most efficient temp.

Answer 25

Aerobic pathway

Question 26

This pathway prefers fatty acids to produce ATP

Answer 26

Aerobic pathway

Question 27

Fatty acids are stored in the body's fat cells as _________ and released into the blood during exercise

Answer 27

Triglycerides

Question 28

anaerobic pathway depends on _______ _____ & _________ to produce ATP

Answer 28

Creatine phosphate & glycogen

Question 29

________ ______ is the first substance used by the anaerobic pathway and allows the muscle to contract at once, since there is always a small amount of this stored in the muscle fibers

Answer 29

Creatine phosphate

Question 30

The second substance used by the anaerobic pathway is _________, which produces ATP by the process known as _________.

Answer 30

Glycogen; glycolysis

Question 31

Glycogen is stored in either the ______ _____ or the _____ ____

Answer 31

Muscle fibers or the liver cells

Question 32

________ ______ provides the muscle with enough energy to get things going, while the more complex and efficient _________ pathway is gearing up

Answer 32

Anaerobic pathway; aerobic pathway

Question 33

Will last of the first few minutes and creatine phosphate and glycogen are the primary fuel sources. 20% of the total glycogen that is stored in a muscle may be utilized during this phase

Answer 33

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase I

Question 34

See a shift in metabolism to the more efficient aerobic metabolism and the use of fatty acids to produce ATP

Answer 34

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase 2

Question 35

Occurs as exercise intensifies, will see the muscle fibers going back to the anaerobic production of ATP and thus the utilization of the remaining stored glycogen. During this phase lactic acid can accumulate w/in the fibers

Answer 35

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase 3

Question 36

Dietary manipulation used to increase the storage of glycogen in muscle fibers

Answer 36

Carbohydrate loading

Question 37

Day one of carb loading:

Answer 37

Work to exhaustion to deplete the stored glycogen in muscles

Question 38

Day 2-4 of carb loading

Answer 38

Continue to exercise and eat a diet mainly high in fats & proteins (few carbs)

Question 39

Day 5-7 of carb loading

Answer 39

NO exercise & eat a diet high in carbs

Question 40

Side effects of carb loading

Answer 40

- light headed - dizzy - mental acuity may suffer and judgment my be impaired

Question 41

Consuming 2 cups of coffee an hour or so before event may help an athlete burn _____ _____ more efficiently

Answer 41

Fatty acid

Question 42

Procedure to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells

Answer 42

Blood doping / Induced erythrocythemia

Question 43

Risks associated with blood doping

Answer 43

- Rashes - Acute hemolysis - Transmission of viruses - Fluid overload which can lead to kidney damage & blood clotting

Question 44

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the _______

Answer 44

Kidneys

Question 45

Travels to the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Answer 45

EPO

Question 46

Synthetic form of the hormone was produced for patients with anemia

Answer 46

EPO

Question 47

When ___________ is used in individuals with normal red blood cell counts, the drug can thicken the blood

Answer 47

Erythropoietin

Question 48

Synthetic form of the male hormone testosterone, and were developed to try to separate the anabolic effect of the hormone from its androgenic effect

Answer 48

Anabolic steroids

Question 49

In its natural form testosterone is rapidly metabolized and cleared from the ____

Answer 49

Liver

Question 50

What are the different types of steroids (5 motioned in class)

Answer 50

``` oil base water based patches/ gel stacking Pyramiding ```

Question 51

Usually injected and have fewer side effects, but are detectable for several months

Answer 51

Oil based

Question 52

Usually taken in pill form, but have more side effects, however cleared from the system with in 3-4 weeks

Answer 52

Water based

Question 53

Termed used when the user takes several forms of the drug

Answer 53

Stacking

Question 54

User starts with a low dose, then raises to a peak and then begins to taper down the amount

Answer 54

Pyramiding

Question 55

In adolescents who take the drug there is premature closing of the _____ _____ which leads to shortened stature as well as other problems

Answer 55

Growth plates

Question 56

Anabolic steroids work physiologically by:

Answer 56

- Increasing secretions of growth hormones | - Activates protein synthesis and prevents protein breakdown

Question 57

Steroids can also be used to:

Answer 57

- restore hormonal levels in males with low testosterone levels - Improve mood and alleviate depression