Exam 1-Patho: Chamberlain University

Question 1

Warning Signs of Cancer

Answer 1

• Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
• Change in bowel or bladder habits
• A change in a wart or mole
• A sore that does not heal
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fatigue
• Persistent cough or hoarseness
• Solid lump anywhere on the body

Question 2

MANIFESTATIONS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS

Answer 2

Local: Pain, Obstruction, Tissue necrosis/ulceration
Systemic: Weight loss & cachexia, Anemia, Severe fatigue, Infections, Bleeding, Paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 3

Diagnostic Tests for Cancer

Answer 3

Blood Tests
Tumor Markers
Imaging
Cytologic Tests

Question 4

Three Hormones that Maintain Fluid Balance

Answer 4

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

cells in an organ or tissue increase in size

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

cells in an organ or tissue increase in number

Question 7

Hypoxia

Answer 7

less than normal oxygenation,

Question 8

Ischemia

Answer 8

a part of your body is not getting enough blood, or oxygen

Question 9

Hypoxemia

Answer 9

having low oxygen levels in your blood

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed cell death

Question 11

Necrosis

Answer 11

Can be caused by extreme cold or hot temps or infection, and ischemia
irreversible cell injury and death of an organ or tissue

Question 12

Gangrene

Answer 12

severe necrosis with infection

Question 13

Metaplasia

Answer 13

when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Question 14

Dysplasia

Answer 14

weird shapes and large number of immature cells, maybe cancerous

Question 15

Neoplasia

Answer 15

cells that represent a new growth of a tumor

Question 16

Manifestations of Fluid Excess

Answer 16

Dyspnea
Decreased Lab Values 
Increased urine output
High blood pressure
Bounding pulse
JVD
Edema

Question 17

Causes of Fluid Excess

Answer 17

Kidney Failure
Liver Failure
Heart Failure
Increased sodium intake
IV Fluids
Blood Transfusions

Question 18

Causes of Edema

Answer 18

Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Decreased Capillary Osmotic Pressure
Increased Capillary Permeability
Obstruction of the Lymphatic Circulation

Question 19

Manifestations of Fluid Deficit

Answer 19

Dry Mucous Membranes
Decreased Skin Turgor
Increased Lab Values
Decreased Urine Output
Low Blood Pressure
Tachycardia 
Confusion

Question 20

Hypercapnia

Answer 20

carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase (respiratory acidosis)

Question 21

Hyponatremia <135

Answer 21

Manifestations: Muscle Cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Abdominal Cramps, Lethargy, Confusion, Seizures

Question 22

Hypernatremia >145

Answer 22

Signs of fluid deficit
Thirst
Headache, Agitation

Question 23

Hypokalemia <3.5

Answer 23

Manifestations: Muscle Fatigue, Cramps, Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Cardiac Dysrhythmias*

Question 24

Hyperkalemia >5.0

Answer 24

Muscle weakness, Paresthesias, Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Question 25

Hypocalcemia <8.5

Answer 25

Manifestations: Muscle twitching, Tetany, Paresthesias, Chvostek and Trousseau Sign, Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Question 26

Hypercalcemia >10.5

Answer 26

Manifestations: Muscle Weakness, Loss of muscle Tone, spontaneous fractures, kidney stones, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 27

Paresthesias

Answer 27

pins and needles

Question 28

Hypomagnesemia <1.6

Answer 28

Manifestations: Tremors, Hyperreflexia, Insomnia

Question 29

Hypermagnesemia >2.5

Answer 29

Hyporeflexia, Lethargy, Respiratory depression

Question 30

Hyperreflexia/Hypo

Answer 30

Hyper=overactive or overresponsive reflexes Hypo= under responsive reflexes

Question 31

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 31

1st: nonspecific, skin 2nd: nonspecific, inflammation 3rd: specific, t-cells

Question 32

Role of Inflammation

Answer 32

Normal Defense Mechanism Localizes and removes injurious agents Warning Sign

Question 33

Causes of Inflammation

Answer 33

``` Physical Damage Caustic Chemicals Ischemia or Infarction Allergic Reactions Extreme Heat and Cold Foreign Bodies Infection ```

Question 34

Acute Inflammation Local Manifestations

Answer 34

``` Redness Warmth Swelling Pain Exudate ```

Question 35

Acute Inflammation Systemic Manifestations

Answer 35

Mild Fever Malaise Fatigue Anorexia

Question 36

Superficial (1st degree)

Answer 36

sunburns

Question 37

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns (2nd)

Answer 37

blister burns

Question 38

Deep Partial-Thickness

Answer 38

white skin

Question 39

Full Thickness Burns (3rd)

Answer 39

Charred skin, burnt

Question 40

Complications of Burns

Answer 40

``` Respiratory Problems Shock Infection Pain Metabolic Needs ```

Question 41

Complications of Scar Tissue

Answer 41

``` Loss of Function Contractures Obstructions Adhesions Hypertrophic Scar Tissue Ulceration ```

Question 42

Nosocomial Infections

Answer 42

infections that occur in healthcare facilities | Most common Types: Pneumonia, UTI, Bloodstream infections, surgical site infections

Question 43

Stages of Infections Development

Answer 43

Incubation Period Prodromal Period Acute Period Recovery Period