Exam 1 - People

Question 1

Jerome/Hieronymus Aleander

Answer 1

Publicized the bull in Germany against Luther

Question 2

Nicholas von Amsdorf

Answer 2

Wittenberg theologian and nephew of Staupitz, one of Luther’s first adherents and close friends

Question 3

Gabriel Biel

Answer 3

Ockhamist theologian whom Luther studied closely; defends Ockham against Rimini; Luther accuses as being tainted with Pelagianism (eve of the reformation)

Question 4

Albrecht von Brandenburg

Answer 4

Archbishop of Mainz; Originally Bishop of Magdeburg (check spelling); Paid to become bishop of Mainz because it was forbidden by Church Law to switch

Question 5

Johannes Brenz

Answer 5

Protestant reformer in the Duchy of Wittenburg

Question 6

Martin Bucer

Answer 6

Initial Dominican who hears Luther at Heidelburg and later labors for reform in Strasbourg and England

Question 7

Johann Bugenhagen

Answer 7

Pastor at the city church where Luther was preaching; helped organize churches in territories throughout Northen Europe

Question 8

Cajetan

Answer 8

Cardinal who interviewed Luther as the Pope’s representative; wanted a precise definition of indulgences

Question 9

Wolfgang Capito

Answer 9

A Strasburg reformer

Question 10

Charles V

Answer 10

Also King Charles I of Spain; Elected King of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519

Question 11

Lucas Cranach

Answer 11

Artist to the Electoral Saxon Court

Question 12

Johannes Eck

Answer 12

Luther debated in an academic debate in Leipzig

Question 13

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 13

Humanist; Luther’s Bondage of the Will was a response to his book The Free Will

Question 14

Frederick the Wise

Answer 14

The Ruler of Electoral Saxony; 20 Years older than Luther

Question 15

Jakob Fugger

Answer 15

Head of a mercantile and banking empire centered in Augsburg; Loaned money to Albrecht

Question 16

Duke George of Saxony

Answer 16

Ruled the Better part of Saxony, including the city of Leipzig

Question 17

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 17

From Mainz; moveable printer brought together in a practical system for mass producing copies

Question 18

Jan Hus

Answer 18

Church Heretic; believed the Pope’s authority was by human right

Question 19

Ulrich von Hutten

Answer 19

Humanist Scholar and Knight that wanted to use Luther to increase German nationalism against the Pope; planned an uprising against Rome

Question 20

John of Saxony

Answer 20

Suceeded his brother Frederick in May 1525 as the Elector of Saxony; Continued to support Luther

Question 21

Justus Jonas

Answer 21

Reviewed the Smalcld Aritcles on December 28, 1536; Translated confessions into German; Checked consumation of Luther’s marriage

Question 22

Junker Jörg/Knight George

Answer 22

Luther’s persona during his 10 month exile following the Diet of Wurms

Question 23

Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

Answer 23

Reformer that pushed Luther’s ideas to the extreme; Began the argument between Eck and Luther that caused the Leipzig debate

Question 24

Leo X

Answer 24

Pope who wrote in favor of Indulgences; Opposed to Luther

Question 25

Peter Lombard

Answer 25

Wrote the main theological textbook of the Middle Ages: Sentences

Question 26

Nicholas of Lyra

Answer 26

Interpretted Romans 14:23 to refer to the conscience

Question 27

Maximilian I

Answer 27

Emperor before Charles V; dies in January 1519

Question 28

Karl von Miltitz

Answer 28

German Nobleman serving at the papal court who wanted to persuade Luther and Elector Frederick to cooperate using flattery; He does NOT get Luther to recant

Question 29

Thomas Müntzer

Answer 29

Former student of Luther; center of the peasants revolt; argued for return to OT Laws with a political/civil union with religious

Question 30

William of Ockham

Answer 30

Nominalist; Via Moderna (human effort doesn't solve anything); Scholastic Scholar who argued that the church's status as the mediator between man and God was an artificial arrangment

Question 31

Johannes Oecolampadius

Answer 31

Associate of Zwingli; debated Luther and Melancthon with Zwingli; argued that it was a spiritual eating in the Lord's Supper

Question 32

Philipp von Hessen

Answer 32

Lutheran Prince of Hesse;

Question 33

Sylvester Prierias

Answer 33

The Pope's court Theologian; composed a work identifying Luther's errors

Question 34

Philipp Melanchthon

Answer 34

Arrived in August 1519; Academic prodigy and full-fledged humanist; taught Greek; great theologian of the reformation

Question 35

Johannes Reuchlin

Answer 35

German Humanist; Opposed the Thomists (Luther's Early Opponents); Supported the publication of the Kabala (non-Biblical hebrew text)

Question 36

Franz von Sickingen

Answer 36

German knight that had influence and man power to take initiative to use Luther against the Pope; planned an uprising against Rome

Question 37

Georg Spalatin

Answer 37

Humanitist who studdied at Erfurt and Wittenberg eventually becoming a priest; Elector Frederick's private secretary and spiritual advisor

Question 38

Johann von Staupitz

Answer 38

Luther's father confessor while in the monastery; encouraged him to trust in Christ for Salvation

Question 39

Nicholas Storch

Answer 39

Led the Zwickau Prophets; Believed that the Holy Spirit inspired him directly to be a reformer; rejected all clergy and infant baptism

Question 40

Johann Tetzel

Answer 40

Dominican; heads up the sale of indulgences

Question 41

John Wycliffe

Answer 41

Called for a vernacular Bible before Luther; Spurred the English translation work and gave rise to the anticlerical Lollard movement

Question 42

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 42

Same age as Luther; Became a reformer through humanism; Parted from Luther on the Lord's Supper; Debated in Marbug on October 2, 1529