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Prev & Rehab Physiology > Exam 1: Physical Activity and Health & Hypertension > Flashcards

Exam 1: Physical Activity and Health & Hypertension Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics/preferences

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2
Q

Physical Activity Guidelines

A

150-300 mins of aerobic activity/week OR 75-150 mins of aerobic activity/week
Minimum of 2 days/week of resistance training
Minimum of 3 days/week flexibility training

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3
Q

Health Related Physical Fitness

A

Parts of physical fitness that help a person stay healthy; includes cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance, and strength

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4
Q

Skill Related Physical Fitness

A

Parts of fitness that help a person perform well in sports and activities requiring certain skills; includes agility/balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed

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5
Q

Biologic Plausibility

A

Finding a correlation between 2 variables and believing there is a causation between them

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6
Q

Cofounder

A

Variable effecting an outcome measure

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7
Q

Herman Hellerstein

A

First to believe cardiac patients should be going back to work ASAP
Transformed cardiac rehab into what we know today

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8
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from 3 veins: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava and the Coronary Sinus
Blood passes from the RA into the RV through the tricuspid valve

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9
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Blood passes from the RV through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into the right/left pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

Left Atrium

A

Receives blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins
Blood passes from the LA into the LV through the bicuspid valve

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11
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The alternating period of contraction and relaxation of the heart

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12
Q

Iso-volumetric Contraction Period

A

Brief period where ventricles contract but DO NOT eject blood

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13
Q

Ejection Period

A

Portion of systole where blood is ejected from the heart

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14
Q

Iso-volumetric Relaxation Period

A

Brief period where ventricles are relaxing BUT NOT filling with blood

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15
Q

Ventricular Filling Period

A

Portion of diastole where ventricles fill with blood

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16
Q

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

A

An increased stretch of the myocardium enhances the contractile force causing more blood to eject

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17
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure that the ventricle has to generate in order to eject blood out of the chamber

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18
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Diastole - Systole
How much blood is coming in - how much blood is going out

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19
Q

Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Impairment in the ability of the ventricle to eject blood or to fill with blood

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20
Q

Systolic Dysfunction

A

Impaired emptying of the left ventricle, with a resulting fall in cardiac output

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21
Q

Diastolic Dysfunction

A

The left ventricle is non-compliant resulting in impaired filling

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22
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Death of cardiac myocytes resulting from prolonged ischemia caused by complete vessel occlusion

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23
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

Surgery that improves blood flow to the heart

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24
Q

Stable Angina

A

Transient pain/discomfort in the chest caused by myocardial ischemia brought on by increased physical exertion

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25
Unstable Angina
Chest pain that lasts for a longer duration, at increased frequency, or at a lower level of exertion than usual
26
Heart Attack
A condition in which blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die
27
CABG - Exercise Considerations
No upper body RT before 5 weeks following May need lower intensity initially due to musculoskeletal discomfort or health issues at incision
28
Nitroglycerin
Relaxes coronary arteries and other vessels
29
Valve repair
Procedure to treat stenosis or regurgitation
30
Mitral Stenosis
A narrowing of the mitral valve opening
31
Mitral Regurgitation
A leaking mitral valve which allows blood to flow in two directions
32
Coronary Stent: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Small metal mesh tube used to treat narrow/weak arteries
33
Pacemaker
Small device implanted in the chest to control arrhythmias
34
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Same as pacemaker + uses electrical impulses to shock the heart to control life threatening arrhythmias
35
Implantable Devices - Exercise Considerations
ICD patients have low function capacity due to severe myocardial dysfunction More formal and prolonged EKG monitoring Prescribe intensities below ICD/pacemaker thresholds
36
Transplant
Removal of damaged heart and replaced with a donor heart
37
Transplant - Exercise Considerations
HR (95-115) and BP are often elevated at rest due to loss of parasympathetic innervation of the donor heart Peak HR only slightly lower than predicted May have delayed HR response at onset and post exercise Can typically use light to moderate aerobic Rx
38
Atrial Fibrilation
Atria beats irregularly and fast Meds: anticoagulants
39
Systolic Blood Pressure
Amount of pressure during contraction
40
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Amount of pressure during relaxation
41
Essential Hypertension
Unknown cause for high blood pressure Anything that increases sympathetic response
42
Secondary Hypertension
High BP caused by the effects of another disease/condition
43
Hypertension in Older Persons
More than 2/3 of people over 65 have HTN Lowest rates of BP control due to chronic conditions, med adherence, and/or rate of aging decline
44
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
Secondary hypertension most common Use lifestyle interventions before pharmacological Effective doses are often smaller
45
Blood Pressure Classifications
Normal: ≤120/80 Elevated: 120-129/≥80 Stage 1 Hypertension: 130-139/80-89 Stage 2 Hypertension: ≥140/≥90
46
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic over 180 and/or diastolic over 120, with patients needing prompt changes in medication if there are no other indications of problems, or immediate hospitalization if there are signs of organ damage
47
Benefits of Lowering BP
Stroke incidence: 35-40% Myocardial Infarction: 20-25% Heart Failure: 50%
48
Severe Hypertension Associated with:
Headache Dizziness Palpitations Easy fatiguability Blurring of vision
49
Athersclerosis
Thickening/calcification of lipids in the arteries Leading cause of CHD/stroke Chronic immune-inflammatory disease
50
CVD Risk Factors
Hypertension Cigarette smoking Obesity (BMI ≥30) Physical inactivity Dyslipidemia Diabetes mellitus Age (men under 55/women under 65) Family history or premature CVD
51
Lifestyle Modifications for CVD Prevention and Management
Stop smoking Limit alcohol intake Lose weight if overweight Increase aerobic physical activity Reduce sodium intake Maintain adequate potassium intake
52
Cigarettes and CVD Risk Factors
Promoting platelet activation and aggregation Decrease NO release (endothelial dysfunction) Oxidizes LDL Chronic, low-grade inflammation
53
Alcohol and CVD Risk Factors
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system Increases renin which increases inflammatory response Down-regulates calcium Impairs electrolyte transport
54
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
A hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume
55
Angiotensin I
THE potent vasodilator
56
Angiotensin II
Causes increases in blood pressure, influences renal tubuli to retain sodium and water, and stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal gland.
57
Sodium and Potassium Intake
Goal for adults is to consume less than 2,300 mg of sodium per day Individuals are encouraged to increase their consumption of foods rich in potassium (lowers BP by vasodilating)
58
Sodium Sources in the Diet
Food Processing: 77% Inherent in foods: 12% Added at the table: 6% Added during cooking: 5%
59
DASH Diet
Low in saturated and trans fat Rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, fiber, and protein Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free/low-fat dairy products Limits sodium, sweets, and sugary beverages, and red meats
60
Acute Aerobic Exercise and BP
10-20% mmHg reduction during initial 1-3 hours Effects decrease as time goes on from previous bout
61
Chronic Aerobic Exercise and BP
Exercise lowers BP at fixed exercise workloads Benefits increase in a dose dependent manner Decrease in plasma norepinephrine levels Increase in circulating vasodilators Reduces renal release to A2 to reduce vasoconstriction
62
Resistance Training and HTN
Elicits a "pressor" response: greater elevation of SBP and DBP due to local vasoconstriction with contraction Generally reduces resting BP in HTN adults
63
HTN Exercise Prescription - Cardiovascular Training
Frequency: aerobic exercise on most days of the week Intensity: moderate-intensity (40-60% VO2R/HRR) Time: 30-60 mins of continuous/intermittent (10 min bouts) aerobic activity Type: Large muscle groups
64
HTN Exercise Prescription - Resistance Training
Frequency: 2-3 d/wk Sets: 1 - volitional fatigue Reps: 8-12 (60-80% 1RM) per set for healthy adults/10-15 per set at a lower level of resistance for older adults Stations/Devices: 8-10 exercises that condition the major muscle groups
65
Volitional Fatigue
Fatigue that has caused form to be impaired
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Hypertension Contraindications
Systolic BP greater than 200 mmHg or diastolic BP greater than 110 mmHg at rest Untreated/uncontrolled HTN may hinder exercise tolerance and/or performance
67
Diuretics
Indications: edema, HTN, HF, kidney dysfunction Actions: assists kidneys in excretion of excess fluids (Na+, water) Names: "-ide" (amiloride)
68
Beta Blockers
Indications: HTN, angina, arrhythmias, a-Fib, HF, anxiety Actions: Reduces HR and force of contraction by increasing blood flow through the vessels; blunts sympathetic nervous system (max HR) Names: "-lol" (Antenlol)
69
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Indications: HTN, diabetes, HF Actions: decreases effectiveness of angiotensin II (blocks response) resulting in blood vessel vasodilation (relaxation) Names: "-tan" (Losartan)
70
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
Indications: HTN, CAD, diabetes Actions: decreases hormone ACE-II preventing vasoconstriction, inhibit angiotensin I from turning into angiotensin II Names: "-pril" (Ramipril)
71
Ca+ Channel Blockers
Indications: HTN, angina, diabetes, ischemic heart disease Actions: causes blood vessels to dilate by blocking Ca+ from entering the muscle cells of the heart; decreases stroke volume and resistance to flow Names: "pine" (Amlodipine)

Prev & Rehab Physiology (1 decks)

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