Exam 1: ppt 5-9

Question 1

buoyancy system

Answer 1

liver, gas bladder

Question 2

alimentary canal

Answer 2

the passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

Question 3

anterior region of alimentary cnal

Answer 3

buccal cavity (mouth), pharynx (gills)

Question 4

posterior alimentary canal

Answer 4

foregut (esophagus & stomach), midgut (intestine), hindgut (rectum)

Question 5

digestive system is usually longer in…

Answer 5

herbivores

Question 6

stomach functions

Answer 6

storage of food
initiation of digestion
inactivation of pathogens

Question 7

jawless fish lack…

Answer 7

stomachs

Question 8

pyloric caeca

Answer 8

fingerlike pouches at beginning of intestine
known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion

Question 9

intestine function

Answer 9

primary site of nutrient absorption

Question 10

spiral valve

Answer 10

spiraling fold of tissue in elasmobranchs and primitive bony fishes
increases surface area

Question 11

because fish have no salivary glands…

Answer 11

the mouth, buccal cavity and pharynx specialize in seizure and control of food

Question 12

fishes of the families Tetraodontidae & Diodontidae can

Answer 12

expand their stomachs with air or water when threatened

Question 13

buoyancy

Answer 13

ability to regulate vertical position within the water column

Question 14

why don’t fish sink?

Answer 14

hydrodynamic force from swimming counteracts gravity
gas bladders
low weight cartilaginous skeletons and low specific gravity

Question 15

lungs and gas bladders are…

Answer 15

homologous

Question 16

there are no animals with both…

Answer 16

lungs and swim bladder

Question 17

first lungs were simple sacs that…

Answer 17

connected to the gut and allowed organisms to gulp air in low O2 environments

Question 18

gas bladders evolved from…

Answer 18

lungs

Question 19

physostomous gas bladders

Answer 19

more ancestral and less prevalent
air flow is controlled by the pneumatic sphincter

Question 20

physoclistous gas bladders

Answer 20

more derived; most bony fish
no physical attachment to gut
air moves from blood to fill gas bladder at the gas gland

Question 21

tunica externa

Answer 21

layer of guanine crystals that covers the the bladder’s outside and is impermeable to gas

Question 22

gas gland

Answer 22

vascularized portion of gas bladder, extracts gas from blood into the bladder

Question 23

rete mirable

Answer 23

net of blood vessels, uses countercurrent exchange to help the gas gland efficiently extract O2 from the blood

Question 24

oval window

Answer 24

gas permeable, allows gas to leave the bladder, controlled by constrictor muscles

Question 25

movement of gas happens by diffusion so...

Answer 25

a concentration gradient with high O2 in the blood is created

Question 26

lactic acid is produced by the gas gland which...

Answer 26

disassociates to lactate and hydrogen ions

Question 27

the increase in hydrogen ions leads to...

Answer 27

an increase in pH of the blood

Question 28

under conditions of high pH hemoglobin unloads its O2 thus...

Answer 28

increasing the concentration of O2 in the blood and allows for diffusion

Question 29

fish regulate the loss of gas in the bladder by

Answer 29

1) controlling the flow of blood to the oval window 2) and by using muscles to regulate the amount of gas entering the oval window

Question 30

specific gravity

Answer 30

ratio of the density of a substance in reference to fresh water

Question 31

seawater has an SG of...

Answer 31

1.06-1.09

Question 32

Bernoulli's Principle

Answer 32

points of higher fluid speed will have less pressure

Question 33

circulation system

Answer 33

single loop with 4 chambers/sacs

Question 34

four chambered fish heart

Answer 34

blood enters from the body: through the Ducts of Cuvier > sinus venosus > atrium > ventricle > bulbus arteriosus > leaves the heart to the gills

Question 35

gills

Answer 35

main site of gas exchange

Question 36

stiffened pairs of bony or cartilaginous gill arches anchor...

Answer 36

gill filaments

Question 37

____ pairs of gill arches each with ____ rows of filaments on each arch

Answer 37

4; 2

Question 38

lamellae

Answer 38

highly vascularized; facilitates uptake of oxygen from water

Question 39

gills must have...

Answer 39

high surface area and moisture for extracting O2 from water

Question 40

gill filaments are arranged so that...

Answer 40

the flow of water is counter to the flow of blood in the vessels

Question 41

ventilation

Answer 41

respiration is most efficient when water is continuously flowing over gills

Question 42

ram ventilation

Answer 42

forward swimming motion carries water into mouth ex. some predatory pelagic fishes

Question 43

2-phase (buccal-opercular) respiratory pump

Answer 43

phase 1: buccal and opercular cavities expand while the opercular valve is closed = negative pressure phase 2: mouth closes, buccal chamber contracts, opercular valve opens forcing water across the gills

Question 44

buccal pump

Answer 44

expand buccal activity; water rushes into buccal cavity via mouth; contraction of buccal cavity forces water over gills

Question 45

buccal pumping can be used

Answer 45

to breathe when not swimming

Question 46

lamprey ventilation

Answer 46

external gill openings for moving water in and out of gill pouches when feeding

Question 47

hagfish ventilation

Answer 47

velum moves water through the nostril and over the gills

Question 48

skin breathing

Answer 48

O2 diffuses directly into epidermal capillaries

Question 49

air gulping

Answer 49

surface air is swallowed, and O2 diffuses through vascularized internal tissues

Question 50

facilitative air breathing

Answer 50

air breathing supplements gill respiration

Question 51

obligate air breathing

Answer 51

air breathing required for survival

Question 52

most air-breathing fishes live in...

Answer 52

tropical habitats

Question 53

"true lungs" only found in...

Answer 53

lungfishes

Question 54

walking catfish use...

Answer 54

arborescent organs

Question 55

tarpon primarily use gills to breathe but...

Answer 55

can acquire O2 from their gas bladder

Question 56

mudskippers rely on...

Answer 56

cutaneous respiration when on land

Question 57

mechanorecption

Answer 57

detection of the movement of water

Question 58

chemoreception

Answer 58

detection of chemicals in water

Question 59

electrorecption

Answer 59

detection of electricity

Question 60

magnetic reception

Answer 60

sensing magnetic fields

Question 61

lateral line allows for

Answer 61

touch/feel, detecting prey, avoiding predators, schooling

Question 62

inner ear allows for

Answer 62

hearing, balance, gravity detection

Question 63

hair cells

Answer 63

bundled into the neuromasts mechanoreceptors

Question 64

neuromast morphology

Answer 64

cupula, kinocilium, & stereocilia

Question 65

canal neuromasts

Answer 65

sit at the bottom of pits or canals abundant in species living in moving, clear water

Question 66

superficial neuromasts

Answer 66

sit on the surface of skin abundant in species living in less turbulent water

Question 67

neuromast function

Answer 67

help in the detection of disturbances in water

Question 68

pars superior

Answer 68

three semicircular canals filled with endolymph