Exam 1 prep Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
what is population health, and how is it applied in nursing practice
A
Population health: use of large data sets to analyze care needs and providing care with the goals of improving health outcomes
In nursing: identifying trends, targeting interventions for at risk groups, and using data to inform care delivery
2
Q
how does public health differ from population health
A
Population health: understanding and improving health outcomes of specific groups
Public health: entire communities
3
Q
what does public health focus on
A
- health promotion and primary health care
- primary prevention with the utilitarianism concept
- eliminating systemic barriers
- promote equity
4
Q
what are the 3 core functions of public health promotion
A
- assessment: gather and analyzing data in a defined area and making it public
- policy development: policies based on research and data that benefits the whole population
- assurance: ensuring that all services are accessible to all community members
5
Q
what are the 5 categories of SDOH
A
- economic stability
- access to education
- access to quality health care
- neighborhood and built environment
- social and community context
6
Q
what does the socio-ecological model tell you
A
- looking at how determinants have a positive or negative effect on health behaviors when developing programs
- helps consider external and internal factors affecting health behavior when planning interventions
7
Q
what is the focus on the health promotion model
A
determine self-efficacy and motivation to change
8
Q
what are the 3 categories of the health promotion model that impact nursing interventions
A
individual characteristics and experiences
* age, gender, education, etc. - personal factors
* past behaviors
behavior-specific cognitions & affect
* perceived benefits/barriers
* self-efficacy: belief in own ability to succeed
* feelings toward behavior
behavioral outcome
* commitment to action and performing the behavior
9
Q
what is the focus of the health belief model
A
predict or explain health behaviors, motivation to change
* perceived susceptibility, seriousness of dx
* modifying factors
* perceived benefits and barriers to take action
Doesn’t include self-efficacy
10
Q
health promotion vs. health belief model
A
health promotion: creating an environment and policies that support healthy behaviors
health belief: explains how individual beliefs about health risks and benefits influence health-related behaviors
11
Q
what is the focus of the transtheoretical model
A
examines the readiness of a person to adopt a healthy behavior in 6 stages
12
Q
what are the 6 stages of the transtheoretical model
A
- precontemplative: not seeing the need for change
- contemplative: seeing the need for change but have barriers
- preparation: creating a plan
- action: implementation
- maintenance: doing and maintaining the plan
- termination: healthy behavior ingrained without thoughts of reversion
13
Q
what is the significance of the social cognitive theory
A
- framework for understanding how personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior interact to shape health behaviors
- emphasis on importance of self-efficacy, observational learning, reinforcement, and social support in promoting positive health outcomes
- guiding behavior change once a plan for change has been implemented
14
Q
what is the significance of theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
A
a person’s intention to engage in healthy behavior determines whether they do it or not
predicts adherence to healthy behaviors or make changes
15
Q
what is the significance of Pender’s health promotion model
A
- understand how certain factors become motivation to adopt a healthier lifestyle
- is proactive, focuses on encouraging healthy behaviors rather than prevention
16
Q
what are the 6 AACN population health competencies
A
- managing population health
- engage in effective partnerships
- consider socioeconomic impact of the delivery of care
- advance equitable population health policy
- demonstrate advocacy strategies
- advance preparedness to protect population health during disasters and public health emergencies
17
Q
how does the CDC contribute to population health
A
- monitor and tracking diseases
- creating evidence-based guidelines
- funding public health programs
- educating public and professionals
- conducting research
18
Q
what are the benefits of population-focused health care
A
- preventing illnesses and injury
- optimizing health
- addressing SDOH
- reducing health disparities
- empowering people and communities
19
Q
population focused approach to gun violence prevention
A
- community advocacy for safer environments
- legislative efforts targeting the reduction of firearm access to high-risk groups
- educational programs about safe gun storage and conflict resolution
- public health campaigns highlighting the impact of gun violence as a health crisis
- policy development using public health data
20
Q
risk factors associated with gun violence
A
- underlying mental health issues
- hx of intimate partner violence
- children’s access to firearms
- LGBTQ, racial minorities
21
Q
what are the core competencies for public health professionals
A
- assessment and analytic skills
- policy development/program planning skills
- communication skills
- cultural competency skills
- public health sciences skills
- financial planning and management skills
- leadership and systems thinking skills
22
Q
what are the 6 client rights
A
- self-determination: informed consent, decisions and treatment
- confidentiality
- access to health care
- choice
- information
- redress: dispute, oppose, compensation
23
Q
what are the 4 client advocacy steps
A
- assess: evaluate pt needs by assessing their interest and values, full understanding of their rights
- identify goals: what do they want to achieve
- develop a plan to meet goals: implementation and communication between the interdisciplinary team
- evaluate results of advocacy steps: if needs are met
24
Q
define:
veracity
justice
A
veracity: truth telling
justice: fair, equitable care
25
how do you assist a pt in distress
* demonstrate compassionate, respectful communication
* listen authentically
* advocate to ensure timely access to needed care
* ensure cultural empathy
* collaborate with the interdisciplinary teams
26
define primary prevention
prevent
intervention implemented BEFORE evidence of disease or injury
intent: reduce or eliminate causative risk factors
27
define secondary prevention
screening
intervention after a disease has begun, but before it's symptomatic
intent: early detection and treatment
28
define tertiary prevention
intervention after a disease is established
intent: prevent from getting worse
29
what does teaching about environmental persistence mean
* how long germs can stay alive on surfaces
* whether they survive better in certain conditions
* how the environment acts as a reservoir
* ways to reduce risk
30
define the chain of infection
* infectious agent: pathogen
* reservoir: where infectious agents lives, grows, and multiply
* portal of exit
* mode of transmission: how it's spread
* portal of entry
* susceptible host
31
what does infectivity mean
agent's ability to infect and multiply in the host
dose: amount needed to cause an infection
32
what does communicability mean
ability to spread from one to another
33
what does pathogenicity mean
ability of an agent to cause disease
34
what does toxigenicity mean
ability to cause damage
35
define direct and indirect ways of transmitting a disease
direct:
* contact
* droplets
* transplacental
* bite
indirect:
*airborne
* vehicle: inanimate objects, food, water
Vector-borne
* living organisms help transmit
36
what is the difference between medicare vs. medicaid
Medicare
* government funded
* > 65 yrs old
* disabilities
* anyone with end-stage kidney disease
Medicaid
* government and state funded
* for low income
37
how do health insurances affect rural communities
* lack of access to PCP -> lack of primary and secondary interventions (checkups, vax, screenings)
* should have patient portals to increase access
38
what is a underinsured patient
* have insurance but are at significant financial risk when paying for deductibles, copays, out-of-pocket costs
* may not cover needed services such as dental or vision
39
what was a major outcome of the Affordable Care Act
* increased insurance coverage at lower cost
* coverage for pre-existing conditions
* expansion of medicaid
* required coverage of preventive services
40
what role does structural racism play in the built environment
structural racism leads to policies and practices that keep low-income individuals, esp people of color, in disadvantaged neighborhoods, perpetuating health inequities
41
how can a nurse assess for mentorship needs
* psychosocial assessment: support system, evaluate for lack of role models, screen for mental illnesses
* behavioral observations and hx: trauma, risky behaviors
* SDOH
* cultural and identity considerations
42
why mentorships might be beneficial
* protective against risky behaviors
* improved mental health
* academic and career success
* support for marginalized youth
* development of life skills
43
what is the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch
* legislative branch: congress makes the law, policies
* executive branch: president carries out the law, can approve or veto the law
* judicial branch: interprets the law, when there is a disagreement on the law
44
allocative vs. regulatory policies
* allocative: policies that distribute money, resources, or services to promote equity
* regulatory: policies that regulate behavior by setting standards
45
how is payment calculated
using medical coders from the:
* international classification of diseases
* diagnosis related groups
* individual paying out of pocket
46
how are health policies advocated for
* competence in understanding the most appropriate jurisdiction for the idea to be introduced, developed, and regulated
* then becoming a bill then a law
* then start analyzing the policy process to see how it can affect the public
47
where does funding come from in the public vs. private sector
* public: government annual fiscal budget
* private: depends partially on income generated by sales
48
who funds nurse research
grants
*National Institute of Health (NIH)
* U.S Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
49
what are the 3 domains of learning
1. cognitive (thinking)
2. affective (feeling)
3. psychomotor (doing)
50
focus of the cognitive domain in learning
knowledge and intellectual skills
learning - remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, creating, evaluating
51
focus of the affective domain in learning
learning must affect the learner's emotions to provoke change
receiving, responding, valuing, organizing, characterizing
52
focus of the psychomotor domain in learning
emphasizes practice, coordination, and precision
53
what are signs that a client has low health literacy
* difficulty filling out health forms
* seeking preventive care
* manage chronic conditions
* sharing an accurate health hx
* understanding unhealthy behaviors and how they affect their current health
54
what does partnering with community members involve
* assess community needs using primary (informant interviews, windshield surveys, observation) and secondary data (data already collected)
* identify learning needs and needs assessment
* goals and objectives established (goal is broad long term outcome, objective is specific short term outcome)
* how to deliver the info to the community
55
what are human made disasters
structural collapse, multi-vehicle collisions, terrorism, chemical spills
56
what are the 4 phases of disaster management
1. disaster prevention
2. disaster preparedness
3. disaster response
4. disaster recovery
57
what are the 4 emotional phases during a disaster
1. heroic phase: main concern is survival, focus to get everyone to safety
2. honeymoon phase: those that are affected come together to discuss what they experienced
3. disillusionment phase: feelings of disappointment while recovery efforts are made
4. reconstruction phase: rebuilding, establish a new normal, referring to mental health services
58
what is the color triage system during a disaster
red - immediately
* life-threatening
* high chance of survival if treated immediately
* airway obstruction, severe bleed, shock, open chest or abd wounds
yellow - delayed
* not immediately life-threatening
* stable abd wounds, fractures, burns not involving airways
green - minor
* ambulatory and can assist others
* abrasions, minor lacerations, sprains
black - expectant/deceased
* deceased or expected to die
* resources should be directed towards those with a higher chance of survival
* massive head trauma, absent pulse or RR after airway repositioning
59
what situations would a patient be placed with a red tag
* reposition airway -> breathing
* RR >30
* perfusion: radial pulse absent, cap refill >2secs
* mental status: doesn't obey commands
60
what are the main causes of global warming
* Green gas emissions: water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning and fluorinated gases
* Deforestation
* Industrial processes
* Waste management: landfills produce methane as garbage decomposes
61
what are environmental influences that impact asthma
outdoor influences
* air pollution: smog, car exhaust, industrial emissions
* pollen
* weather changes: humidity, cold temp, wildfires
indoor influences:
* dust mites, cockroach droppings
* pet dander
* mold
* tobacco smoke
62
what is the primary purpose of environmental advocacy
focuses on interrelationship between an individual and their environment
promote policies or actions that improve environmental health and sustainability
63
caring for a child who potentially ingested toxins
assess situation
* what was ingested
* how much was ingested
* when did it happen
check for symptoms
* airway
* vomiting, drooling
* burns around mouth/lips
* drowsiness or unconsciousness
* seizures
call poison control
take the label or bottle with you to the ER so they know what was ingested
