Exam 1 prep 2

Question 1

Blood is a mixture of _____ + _____

Answer 1

Plasma, numerous cells (platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes)

Question 2

Blood cells originate from _____ by a process known as _____

Answer 2

Bone marrow, hematopoesis

Question 3

Platelets are also known as ______

Answer 3

Thrombocytes

Question 4

What is hematopoesis?

Answer 4

Differentiation of progenitor cell into thrombocytes, erythrocytes, or leukocytes

Question 5

Name three components of the blood

Answer 5

Plasma (55%)
Buffy coat (<1%)
Platelets (45%)

Question 6

Function of thymus

Answer 6

Mature lymphocytes

Question 7

Where are embryonic stem cells harvested from

Answer 7

Growing embryos

Question 8

Pluripotent vs multipotent cells

Answer 8

Pluripotent cells can differentiate into all cells in the body. Multipotent cells can differentiate into more than one type of cell, but are more limited than pluripotent cells.

Question 9

Are embryonic stem cells pluripotent or multipotent cells

Answer 9

Pluripotent

Question 10

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into (3)

Answer 10

Endoderm (lung), mesoderm (blood), ectoderm (skin, its derivatives)

Question 11

All the cells that are circulating in the blood come from one type of cell in the marrow. What is the name of the cell?

Answer 11

Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (MHSC)

Question 12

Erythrocytes

Answer 12

• Minimal role in wound healing and blood-biomaterial interactions
• No nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles
• Do not proliferate
• Mature RBC do not synthesize hemoglobin
• Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 13

_____ produce hemoglobin

Answer 13

RBC progenitors

Question 14

When does RBC stop producing hemoglobin

Answer 14

After nuclear extrusion

Question 15

Erythrocytes can live up to _____ days

Answer 15

120

Question 16

Why are red blood cells deformable?

Answer 16

Because they have no nucleus

Question 17

What is a problem arising from loss of normal rbc function?

Answer 17

Hypoxia

Question 18

Sickled RBC lifetime

Answer 18

10-20 days

Question 19

Alternative name for platelets

Answer 19

Thrombocytes

Question 20

Platelet size

Answer 20

2-4 microns

Question 21

Do platelets have nucleus

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Prominent features of thrombocytes

Answer 22

Granules containing chemicals needed for coagulation

Question 23

Contractile proteins in thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 23

Actin (regulates granule secretion)
Myosin
Thrombosthenin

Question 24

Latent contributors of hemostasis (stopping of bleeding)

Answer 24

Von Willebrand factor (VWF)
- large protein produced by endothelial cells and and circulates throughout the plasma

Collagen type 1 and 3
- distributed throughout the sub endothelium

Question 25

Describe the difference between aggregation and coagulation

Answer 25

Aggregation: start of coagulation, accumulation of platelets to site of wound Coagulation: activation of clotting factors following platelet aggregation

Question 26

Contributors of platelet aggregation

Answer 26

1. Fibrinogen - Faciliate platelet-platelet aggregation 2. Thrombin - Stimulate platelet activation and degranulation

Question 27

Contributors of coagulation

Answer 27

Thrombin - cleaves peptide bonds away from fibrinogen

Question 28

What is vascular spasm

Answer 28

Constriction of blood vessels that stops or dramatically reduces blood flow - outside-in (counter to coagulation: inside-out)

Question 29

3 anti-coagulants

Answer 29

Thrombomodulin, fibrin, antithrombin III

Question 30

What is fibrynolysis

Answer 30

Removal of blood clot plasminogen -> plasmin via tissue plasminogen activator (takes 2 days) plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that digests the fibrin threads of the clot and other pro-coagulants

Question 31

Most common child cancer

Answer 31

Leukemia

Question 32

Leukocyte/Granulocyte function

Answer 32

Consume/destroy foreign objects

Question 33

What is extravasation/diapedisis?

Answer 33

Movement of leukocytes out of intra vascular space to extravascular space

Question 34

! Reticulocytes become _____

Answer 34

RBC

Question 35

! Monocytes become _____

Answer 35

Macrophages

Question 36

! What hangs onto monocytes as they roll in the lumen?

Answer 36

Granule proteins

Question 37

Name the word for movement of an organism with motility toward or away from a stimulant source

Answer 37

Taxis

Question 38

Durotaxis

Answer 38

Cell migration guided by gradients in substrate stiffness

Question 39

Fixed tissue macrophages function

Answer 39

Permanently resides in the interstitial space. Detects damage to the tissue. Upon injury, releases pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, specifically cytokines

Question 40

4 lines of backup

Answer 40

1. Fixed macrophages 2. Circulating neutrophils 3. Monocyte-macrophage system 4. Upregulating production of monocytes and granulocytes

Question 41

MCSF function

Answer 41

Help monocytes differentiate into macrophages

Question 42

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 42

Pro-inflammatory when oxidized, Bad kind

Question 43

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 43

Can be both pro or anit-inflmmatory

Question 44

! Why can't macrophages undergo diapedisis?

Answer 44

Too large

Question 45

! Macrophage size

Answer 45

80-100 microns

Question 46

How do cells move

Answer 46

Microtubles

Question 47

Do cells undergo torsion and sheer?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Phagocyte definition

Answer 48

Cells that protect body by consuming foreign objects (macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cell, mast cell)

Question 49

T/F a hydrophobic surface is more likely to be recognized as foreign

Answer 49

True

Question 50

If material is greater than 5 microns, complete phagocytosis + stressed call (inflammation) occurs. What happens if the foreign material is greater than 10 microns?

Answer 50

Frustrated phagocytosis (also inflammatory)

Question 51

Two outcomes for infection

Answer 51

1) Little/no permanent damage 2) Fibrotic tissue forms (abcess)

Question 52

Objects in the tissue that causes inflammation

Answer 52

Micro organisms, foreign objects, dead cells, dead tissues

Question 53

Is Vroman effect relevant for more than one type of protein

Answer 53

No. Vroman is only relevant to one type of protein