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psychology 1101 > Exam 1 - prologue, Appendix B, and Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - prologue, Appendix B, and Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Wundt and Titchener - school of thought using introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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2
Q

functionalism

A

promoted by James and influenced by Darwin - school of thought about how psychology helped us survive

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3
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that

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4
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

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5
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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6
Q

psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

nature - nurture issue

A

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and enviroment has on traits and behaviors

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8
Q

natural selection

A

The principle that whatever trait that is best set for survival will pass on to more genrations

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9
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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10
Q

begavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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11
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people

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12
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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13
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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14
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural levels of analysis.

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15
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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16
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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17
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

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18
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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19
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

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20
Q

community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people in- teract with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

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21
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving instead of rereading

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22
Q

SQ3R

A

study method - Survey question read retrieve review

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23
Q

What were some important milestones in psychology’s

early development?

A

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany. Two early schools were structuralism and functionalism.

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24
Q

theory

A

explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors

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25
hypothesis
a testable prediction
26
operational definition
statement of the procedures used in research experiment
27
replication
repitition of research study
28
case study
when person or group is studied in detail to reveal universal principals
29
naturalistic observation
watching people and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
30
population
those in group being studied
31
survey
way of obtaining self reported attitude or behaviors of particular group
32
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population
33
correlation
a measure of the relation between two factors together
34
correlation coefficient
a statistical number of the realationship -1 to 1
35
scatterplot
graph of individual results
36
regression towards mean
the tendency that creates a bell curve
37
experiment
a reaserch method with IV and DV done to observe behavior or mental process
38
experimental group
the group exposed to the treatment
39
control group
the group not exposes to the treatment
40
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental or control randomly
41
double blund procedure
researchers are not aware of the assignments
42
placebo
experimental results because of speculation and thought alone no substance caused change
43
independent variable
manipulated facor in experiment
44
dependent variable
outcome measured in experiment becasue of IV
45
confounding variable
a factor other than IV that would produce and effect
46
informed consent
giving participants enough information on the study allowing them to choose whether to participate
47
debriefing
post experimntal explanantion of a study - purpose and deceptions
48
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
49
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)
50
critical thinking
thining that involves examening assumotions and values evidence to make conclusions
51
mode
most common number
52
mean
average
53
median
middle value
54
range
difference betyween highest and lowest numbers
55
standard deviation
measure of how much scores vary around average
56
normal curve
bell curve
57
statistical significance
statistical statement of how likley results occured by chance
58
lesion
tissue discruction
59
electroencephalogram (EEG)
brain wave recording - electrodes on scalp
60
PET
virutal brain display using radioactive glucose to see where glucose goes during task
61
MRI
radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue - brain anatomy
62
FMRI
technique revealing blood flow and brain activity to show function
63
brainstem
oldest part and brain core
64
medulla
base of brain stem - heartbeat and breathing
65
thalamus
sensory control center - takes in sense messages are rediredts them
66
reticular formation
nerve network betweem brainstem and thalamus - arousal
67
cerebellum
little brain - sensory input processing, coordinating movement, balance, nonverbal learning and memory
68
limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus - emotions
69
hippocampus
process explicit memories for storage
70
amygdala
neural cluster - emotion
71
hypothalamus
body maintenance activities (body temp, eating, drinking) governs endocrine system through pituitary gland - emotion and reward
72
biological perspective
biology and behavior
73
neuron
nerve cell
74
dendrites
bushy extensions of neuron - recieves information
75
axon
neuron extension - passes information
76
myelin
fatty layer of inulation on axon to speed up impulse
77
glial cells
cells that replenish and nourish neurons
78
action potential
neural impulse charge down axon
79
refractory period
period of inactivity after neuron fired
80
threshold
level of stimulation required to trigger impulse
81
all of none response
impulse fires or doesnt
82
synapse
area between axon and dendrite
83
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross synaptic cleft
84
reuptake
reabsorption of neurotransmitters
85
endorphins
natural opiate neurotransmitter
86
agonist
chemical that increase neurotransmitters action
87
anatagonist
chemical that blocks neurotransmitters action
88
nervous system
system of body nerve cells
89
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
90
peripheral nervous syetem (PNS)
sensory and motor neurons that connect CNS to rest of body
91
nerves
bunch of axons connected
92
sensory neurons
neurons that carry sensory input to CNS
93
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from CNS
94
interneurons
neurons wihtin the brain and spinal cord
95
somatic nervous system
section of PNS - controls skeletal muscles
96
autonomic nervous system
section of PNS - controls glandand muscles of internal organs
97
sympathetic nervous system
section of ANS - arouses body moving energy
98
parasympathetic nervous system
section of ANS - calms body conserving energy
99
reflex
simple respinse to stimulus
100
endocrine system
slow chemical communication - glands
101
hormones
chemical messengers that manufactured by endocrnie glands
102
adrenal glands
secrete hormones - arouse body in times of stress
103
pituitary gland
regulates growth and control sother endocrine glands
104
cerebral cortex
neurons covering cerebral hemispheres
105
frontal lobes
behind forehead - speaking, judgement, muscle movement, making plans
106
parietal lobes
top back of head - touch and body position
107
occipital lobes
lower back of head - visual input
108
temporal lobes
bottom brain - auditory areas
109
motor cortex
back of frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement
110
somatosensory cortex
fron tof parietal - processes body touch and movement sensations
111
association areas
higher mental functioning areas - remembering, learning, thinking, speaking
112
plasticity
brains ability to change and reorganizing
113
neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
114
corpus callosum
neural fibers connecting hemispheres
115
split brain
condition from cutting corpus callosum
116
conciousness
awarness of ourselves and our enviroment
117
cognitive neuroscience
study of the brain activity with cognition
118
dual processing
principle that information is processed conciously and unconsciously
119
blindsight
person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
120
parallel processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimuli
121
slective attention
focusing of awareness on one thing
122
inattentional blindess
failing to see visual objects when focused on something else
123
change blindness
failing to notice changes in enviroment
124
sleep
periodic natural loss of consciousness
125
circadium rhythm
body biological clock ( body temp, wakefullness)
126
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep stage - dreams occur
127
alpha waves
slow brain waves - relaxed awake state
128
hallucinations
false sensory experiences
129
delta waves
large slow brain waves - deep sleep
130
suprechiasmatic nucleus
cell cluster in hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm - response to light causing pineal gland to adjust melatonin production
131
insomnia
problems falling or staying asleep
132
narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks directly into REM sleep
133
sleep apnea
disorder of stopped breathing during sleep
134
night terrors
high arousal and apperance of being terrified with no memory in morning - NREM -3
135
dream
images when sleeping
136
manifest content
freud theory - dream storyline is hidden desire
137
latent content
underlying meaning of dream
138
REM rebound
REM sleep increase following sleep deprivation
139
psychoactive drug
chemical substance alters perceptions and moods
140
tolerance
diminishing effect of drug after repeated use
141
addiction
compulsive cravings of drugs
142
withdrawl
discomfort when no drug
143
depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
144
alcohol use disorder
alcoholism
145
barbiturates
drugs that depress CNS activity - anxiety reducing
146
opiates
opium - pain reliever
147
stimulants
drugs that excuite neural activity
148
amphetamines
stimular neural activity - sped up body functions

psychology 1101 (1 decks)

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