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kine 410 > Exam 1 - quiz practice > Flashcards

Exam 1 - quiz practice Flashcards

1
Q

Energy of position is called ___________.

A

potential energy

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2
Q

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing the ____________.

A

activation energy

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3
Q

True or False? The transfer of potential energy in any spontaneous process always decreases the capacity to perform work.

A

true

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4
Q

True or False? Photosynthesis is an exergonic process.

A

false

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5
Q

Which substance donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes?

A

reducing agent

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6
Q

In the body, chemical energy is transferred into _________ work and movement occurs.

A

mechanical

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7
Q

The general form for all hydrolysis reactions is _________.

A

AB + HOH –> A-H + B-OH

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8
Q

Releasing potential energy transforms it into ________ energy.

A

kinetic

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9
Q

The term _______ describes any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings.

A

exergonic

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10
Q

When discussing bioenergetics in this course, where does this take place in the body?

A

in the muscle cell

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11
Q

Why must cells continually resynthesize ATP at its rate of use?

A

cells only store ATP in small quantities

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12
Q

By how much does the maximum rate of energy transfer from the phosphagen system exceed the maximal transfer from aerobic metabolism?

A

4-8 times

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13
Q

Carbohydrate is the only macronutrient that can produce ATP __________.

A

anaerobically

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14
Q

True or False? Phosphocreatine acts as an energy reservoir for ATP resynthesis.

A

true

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
A. Cells contain a limited amount of ATP and, therefore must resynthesize it
B. Anerobic glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria
C. Creatine phosphokinase can transfer energy to make ATP
D. Adenylate kinase can transfer energy to make ATP

A

B. Anerobic glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria

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16
Q

Which of the following is not a form of energy?
A. Heat
B. Mechanical
C. Pharmacologic
D. Chemical

A

pharmacologic

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17
Q

True or false? Vitamins contain no chemical energy for biologic work.

A

true

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18
Q

True or false? Power represents work performed per unit time.

A

true

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19
Q

A loss of electrons with a gain in valence occurs in __________ reactions.

A

oxidation

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20
Q

What is the energy-rich molecule that powers all biologic work?

A

ATP

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21
Q

The term for any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings is:

A

exergonic

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22
Q

True or false? Temperature and pH affect enzyme activity.

A

true

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23
Q

True or false? The “lock and key” mechanism ensures that the correct enzyme “mates” with its specific substrate to perform a particular function.

A

true

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24
Q

Phosphocreatine, under maximal effort, can produce an energy yield for:

A

about 10 seconds

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25
Q

Cells __________ approximately four to six times more PCr than ATP.

A

store

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26
Q

Examples of activities that rely heavily on ATP generated by rapid glycolysis include all of the following except:
A. Sprint running up to 200 m
B. Running a marathon
C. Swimming all-out from start to finish in a 50- and 100-m swim
D. Sprinting at the end of a mile run

A

running a marathon

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27
Q

In simplest terms, what does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

28
Q

What constitutes the total energy of a system?

A

potential and kinetic energy

29
Q

What is the unique property that enzymes possess?

A

They can be in chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in them

30
Q

True or false? Metabolic processes operate independently of one another.

A

false

31
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

lactate

32
Q

What is the last electron receiver in the transport chain?

A

oxygen

33
Q

Approximately what percentage of ATP synthesis occurs in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylation?

A

90%

34
Q

Which substance serves as an enzyme inhibitor in regulating energy metabolism?

A

ATP

35
Q

True or false? Glycogenesis is the term for glycogen breakdown.

A

false

36
Q

True or false? Most energy generated in glycolysis does not result in ATP resynthesis but instead dissipates as heat.

A

true

37
Q

The complete oxidation of a glucose molecule yields a total of __________ ATP molecules.

A

32

38
Q

What liver-based process synthesizes glucose from the lactate released from active muscle tissue?

A

cori cycle

39
Q

The reactive processes that harness cellular energy to generate ATP aerobically reside within what structure of the cell?

A

mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

What process enables glycolysis and glycogenolysis in one cell to supply other cells with fuel for oxidation?

A

lactate shuttle

41
Q

What cycle’s primary function is to generate electrons for passage in the respiratory chain to NAD + and FAD?

A

krebs cycle

42
Q

Which factor(s) stimulate(s) glycogen phosphorylase activity?

A

both epinephrine and intense physical activit

43
Q

The combining of hydrogen atoms to pyruvate can lead to an accumulation of ________.

A

lactate

44
Q

Glucose when degraded in anaerobic (fast) glycolysis will have a net production of ____________.

A

2 ATP

45
Q

The proton gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondria drives ATP synthesis

A

true

46
Q

Regarding the Krebs Cycle, which statement is false?

A

Oxygen participates directly in the reaction

47
Q

Which molecule acts as a critical coenzyme that carries high energy hydrogen molecules and their electrons?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

48
Q

__________ is the general term used to describe the hydrolysis of a fat molecule .

A

lipolysis

49
Q

Which enzyme is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

50
Q

What substrate possesses the most potential energy?

A

fatty acids

51
Q

Which substances stimulate free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue?

A

epinephrine, growth hormone, norepinephrine

52
Q

Skeletal muscle use of adipose fatty acids requires all of the following except _______.

A

high levels of insulin

53
Q

Which process is responsible for breaking down fatty acids?

A

beta oxidation

54
Q

True or false? Free fatty acids are attached to albumin in the blood.

A

true

55
Q

The activation of a fatty acid involves the addition of 2 ATP, CoA and _________?

A

acy coA synthase

56
Q

Carnitine acyl transferase (CAT) is responsible for transferring activated fatty acids into the _________.

A

mitochondria

57
Q

The Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and ________ occur in the matrix of the mitochondria.

A

beta oxidation

58
Q

During one cycle of beta oxidation how many NADH and FADH 2 are formed?

A

1 NADH and 1 FADH 2

59
Q

True or False? The number of acetyl CoA formed from beta oxidation can be determined by the number of carbons in the fatty acid chain.

A

true

60
Q

At ________ exercise intensity the body uses primarily _________.

A

low; fat
high; carbohydrate

61
Q

At steady state exercise, as duration progresses what happens to fat and carbohydrate usage?

A

Fat usage increases while carbohydrate usage decreases

62
Q

Sufficient use of fat to form ATP is dependent upon

A

carbohydrate availability to form oxaloacetate (OXA)

63
Q

True or false? Amino acids that are glucogenic yield the intermediates acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate when deaminated.

A

false

64
Q

Surplus glucose either enters the pathways of energy metabolism, stores as glycogen, or converts to __________.

A

fat

65
Q

True or false? Humans cannot convert fatty acids from triacylglycerol breakdown to glucose.

A

true

kine 410 (5 decks)

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