Exam 1 Quiz Questions Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
A
26 segments
2
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
A
24 segments
3
Q
What constitutes the spine?
A
the 24 presacral segments; cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
4
Q
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
- two toed sloth
- manatee
- three toed sloth
- ant bear
5
Q
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
- three toed sloth
- ant bear
6
Q
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
- two toed sloth
- manatee
7
Q
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
A
The neck region
8
Q
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
A
The loin; region between the rib and the hip
9
Q
What does the term “coccxy” refer to?
A
A cuckoo birds’ bill or beak
10
Q
Which variations account for the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrae within the population?
A
- gender variation or sexual dimorphism
- ontogenetic variation
- geographic or population based variation
- idiosyncratic variation
11
Q
Differences in the number and morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the variation between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
A
Idiosyncratic variation
12
Q
What is the length of the typical male spinal column?
A
70 centimeters or 28 inches
13
Q
What is the length of the typical female spinal column?
A
60 centimeters or 25 inches
14
Q
What is the length of the male cervical region?
A
12 centimeters or 5 inches
15
Q
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
A
28 centimeters or 11 inches
16
Q
What is the length of the male lumbar region?
A
18 centimeters or 7 inches
17
Q
What is the length of the male sacrum?
A
12 centimeters or 5 inches
18
Q
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
A
58 centimeters or 23 inches
19
Q
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
A
Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
20
Q
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight bearing transfer?
A
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
21
Q
What specifically is responsible for the shape and position of the human frame?
A
- Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body
- Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
22
Q
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
A
- Eye
- Vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
23
Q
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
A
- Cervical: rectangular
- Thoracic: triangular
- Lumbar: reniform
24
Q
What are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral body?
A
- Age 7-9: appearance of epiphyseal plate centers of ossification
- Age 12: formation of epiphyseal ring
- Age 15: formation of epiphyseal rim
25
What are the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
26
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
Basivertebral venous foramen
27
What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?
Basivertebral vein
28
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
- Cervical: posterolateral
- Thoracic: posterior, slight lateral
- Lumbar: posterior
29
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
Ligamentum flavum
30
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
Accessory bone
31
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
Shingling
32
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
- Cervical: anterolateral
- Thoracic: posterolateral
- Lumbar: lateral
33
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs to remodel the shape of the ribs, which in turn push the transverse processes backward
34
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
Superior articular facet
35
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?
Inferior articular facet
36
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the _______.
Pre-zygapophysis
37
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ________.
Post-zygapophysis
38
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
- Inferior articular process/Post-zygapophysis
- Superior articular process/Pre-zygapophysis
- Capsular ligament
- Ligamentum flavum
39
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
40
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
41
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
- Vertebral body of segment above
- Vertebral body of segment below
- Intervertebral disc
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
42
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinal apophysis and horizontal plane
43
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/spinous apophysis in as seen on x-ray?
Imbrication
44
What is the orientation of the spinous process /spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
45
What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until the level of L2?
- Spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis
- Proximal part of the peripheral nerve system
- Meninges
46
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
- Cervical: triangular
- Thoracic: oval
- Lumbar: triangular
- Sacrum: triangular
47
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis and the commonly accepted meaning of each.
- Dura mater: tough mother
- Arachnoid mater: spider mother
- Pia mater: tender/delicate mother
48
Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis.
-Epidural space: between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater
-Subdural space: between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space: between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
49
What are the contents of the epidural space?
- Anterior & posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
- Anterior & posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
- Basivertebral vein
- Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
- Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
- Ligamentum flavum
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
50
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
- Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
- Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
- Basivertebral vein
- Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
- Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
51
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
- Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
- Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
- Basivertebral vein
- Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
- Hofman/anterior dura/meningovertebral ligaments
52
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
53
What is the name given to the fluid within the subdural space?
Serous fluid
54
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
55
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
Vertebral artery
56
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
57
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
- Right & left anterior spinal arteries
- Right & left posterior spinal arteries
- 4 communication arteries
58
What forms the vasa corona below C6?
- Median anterior spinal artery
- Right & left posterior spinal arteries
- 3 communicating arteries
59
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
Anterior radicular artery
60
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
61
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries
62
What arterial vasa corona branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
Pial perforating arteries
63
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
64
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
65
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
- Right & left anterior longitudinal veins
- Right & left posterior longitudinal veins
- 4 communication veins
66
Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?
Anteriors radicular veins
67
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
68
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
- Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
| - Basivertebral vein
69
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
Filum terminale internum
70
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
71
In horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be largest?
Transverse
72
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
* C3-T1: Cervical enlargement
| * T9-T12: Lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement
73
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
74
What is a generic cord level of origin - vertebral level combination for the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement?
* L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
* L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
* L5, S1 levels in T11 vertebra
* S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
75
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
76
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
Typically S4, S5 and Co1
77
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
78
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
Cruciate anastomosis
79
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
Cauda equina
80
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
Filum terminale externum
81
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Coccygeal medullary vestige
82
What is the name given to the condition where the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome
83
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
* The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple
* The rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
EX. T3 nerve exits intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4
84
What are the four tissues of the human body?
1. Epithelial
2. Muscle
3. Neural
4. Connective tissue
85
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
* Osteoblasts- form bone
* Osteocytes- maintain/nurture bone
* Osteoclasts- remodel bone
86
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans
87
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
- Chondroitin sulfates
- Keratin sulfates
- Hyaluronic acid
88
What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
Collagen type I
89
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
90
What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as "living"?
It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age
91
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification
92
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
From the second to third month in utero
93
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
94
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
From the second to fifth month in utero
95
What bone of the axial skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
The clavicle
96
What is the time of appearance of a primary center of ossification?
Before birth
97
What is the time of appearance of a secondary center of ossification?
After birth
98
What is the name given to the bone formed in a non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
99
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
Accessory bone
100
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
101
What are examples of flat bones?
- Parietal bone
| - Sternum
102
What are examples of pneumatic?
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Maxilla
- Sphenoid
- Temporal
103
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
- Patella
| - Pisiform
104
What are the types of osseous elevations?
- Linear
- Rounded
- Sharp
105
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
- Tubercle
- Protuberance
- Trochanter
- Tuber/tuberosity
- Malleolus
106
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
- Linear depressions
| - Rounded depressions
107
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
- Notch/Incisure
- Groove
- Sulcus
108
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
- Fovea
| - Fossa
109
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
- Ostium/Orifice
| - Hiatus
110
What are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate the bone?
Foramen or canal
111
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
112
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
113
What is the definition of a flat osseous facet?
A relatively planar or slightly curvilinear surface on bone for osseous articulation
114
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
115
What is the definition of an osseous condyle?
A knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
116
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
117
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible
The cranium
118
What are the names given to the the top of the adult skull?
The calvaria or calva
119
Which ribs are classified a typical ribs, true ribs/costa verae/vertebrosternal ribs in the typical adult skeleton?
Ribs 3-7
120
Which ribs are classified as typical ribs, false ribs/costa spuriae and vertebrochondral ribs in the typical adult skeleton?
Ribs 8 and 9
121
Which ribs are classified as atypical ribs, false ribs/costa spuriae, and vertebral ribs in the typical adult skeleton?
Ribs 11 and 12
122
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
Arthrology
123
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
124
What are three histological classifications of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial fluid
125
What were the three classifications of joints based on movement potentials?
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
126
What is the classification of a joint with a "nail-like" condition?
Gomphosis
127
What is the classification of a joint with a "fissure-like" condition?
Schindylesis
128
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
Synchondrosis
129
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
Symphysis
130
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth?
Malocclusion
131
What type of ossification pattern typically forms the true suture?
Intramembranous ossification
132
What type of ossification pattern typically forms the false suture?
Endochondral ossification
133
What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?
Cartilage joint
134
What is the classification of primary cartilage joints?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
135
What is the classification of a secondary cartilage joint?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
136
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
137
What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?
Cartilage joint
138
What is the classification of primary cartilage joints?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
139
What is the classification of a secondary cartilage joint?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
140
What are four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
- Articular or fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Articular cartilage
- Synovial fluid
141
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the_________.
Capsular ligament
142
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?
Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
143
What is the generic function of ligaments?
Stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
144
What are the characteristics of type I articular receptors?
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule
- Resemble Ruffini endings
- Most numerous in cervical zygapophyses
- Monitor the joint "at rest"
145
Type II articular receptors morphologically resemble which type of sensory ending?
Pacinian corpuscle
146
What is the function of type II articular receptors?
They monitor the joint during normal range of motion
147
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
- Resemble pacinian corpuscles
- Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule
- Most numerous in the cervical spine
- Monitor the joint during normal range of motion
148
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
- Resemble golgi tendon organs
- Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments
- Not initially observed along the vertebral column
- Monitor extreme joint motion
149
Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
- Fibrous capsule
| - Articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
150
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
- Accessory ligaments in general
| - Dense posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
151
What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?
- Articular synovial membrane
- Vaginal synovial membrane
- Bursal synovial membrane
152
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- Synovial villi/ Articular fat pads/ Haversian glands
- Synovial menisci
- Intra-articular discs
153
What is the location of subcutaneous synovial bursa?
Bursa between integument and bone
154
What is the location of subtendinous synovial bursa?
Bursa between a tendon and muscle and bone or cartilage
155
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
They are phagocytic
156
What are the specific functions of type B synovial cells?
Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
157
What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage?
- Water
- Cells
- Collagen type II fibers
- Proteoglycan gel
158
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
Form a network for water retention
159
Cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as ______.
Deformation
160
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
161
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
162
Identify and describe the three theories of joint lubrication
- Weeping theory: implies fluid lost from cartilage joins synovial fluid to produce the viscosity of the film
- Boosted theory: implies water driven into cartilage results in increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid
- Boundary theory: implies that the lubricant within synovial fluid is absorbed onto the cartilage surface and is never fully removed
163
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
- Yellowish-white
- Viscous
- Slightly alkaline
- Tastes salty
164
What substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Hyaluronate
165
What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Lubricin
166
What is a dialysate?
A separation phase of blood based on unequal diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
167
What is transudate?
Any substance produced as a result of "sweating across" a membrane
168
What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
More than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
169
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
The articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc or meniscus
170
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
- (diarthrosis) Hinge/ginglymus
| - (diarthrosis) Pivot/trochoid
171
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
- (diarthrosis) Bicondylar
- (diarthrosis) Condylar
- (diarthrosis) Ellipsoidal
- (diarthrosis) Saddle/sellar
172
What are the examples of synovial (diarthrosis) pivot/trochoid joints?
Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
173
What is the shared morphological characteristic of synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid joints?
An osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring
174
What are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) condylar or synovial (diarthrosis) bicondylar joints?
- Temporomandibular joint
| - Femur-tibia joint of the knee
175
What are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joints?
- Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
- Metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand
- Metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot
- Atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
176
What are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) saddle/sellar joints?
- Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
- Talocrural joint of the ankle
- Calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
177
What are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) enarthrosis joints?
- Femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip
| - Humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
178
At what location will the common carotid artery bifurcate?
The C3/C4 intervertebral disc at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
179
What are the regions/divisions of the internal carotid artery?
- Cervical
- Petrous
- Cavernous
- Cerebral
180
What is the location for the petrous part of the internal carotid artery?
Carotid canal in petrous part of temporal bone
181
What accompanies the cavernous division of the internal carotid artery in the middle cranial fossa?
Cavernous dural venous sinus
182
What branch of the cavernous division on the internal carotid artery was stressed in the text?
The ophthalmic artery
183
What are the segmental branches on the subclavian artery?
- Vertebral artery
- Ascending cervical artery
- Deep cervical artery
184
What is the location of origin of the axillary artery?
At the outer border of the first rib
185
What is the segmental branch of the axillary artery?
Supreme (highest/superior) thoracic artery
186
What branches of the thoracic descending aorta were stressed in the text?
- Posterior intercostal artery
| - Subcostal artery
187
What parietal/dorsal branches of the abdominal descending aorta were stressed in the text?
- Lumbar artery
| - Median sacral artery
188
What branches of the internal iliac artery were stressed in the text?
- Iliolumbar artery
| - Lateral sacral artery
189
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
- Iliolumbar artery
- Lateral sacral artery
- Median (middle) sacral artery
190
What vessels form the retromandibular (posterior facial) vein?
- Superficial temporal vein
| - (Internal) Maxillary vein
191
What will the inferior ophthalmic vein drain into?
- Pterygoid venous plexus
| - Cavernous dural venous sinus
192
What is the purpose of lymphatic capillaries?
Remove excess plasma proteins from the interstitial space and prevent edema
193
What characteristics of lymph capillaries were stressed in the text?
- Begin as blind ended sacs
- Have a greater luminal diameter than blood capillaries
- More variable in luminal diameter than blood capillaries
- More layered in plexus arrangement than blood capillaries
194
How do the lymphatics (medium sized vessels) differ from veins?
- More numerous
- Possess more valves
- Anastomose more frequently than veins
195
What parts of the body will the right lymphatic duct drain?
- Right side of head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall
- Right upper extremity
- Right lung
- Convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver
196
What is the location and structural origin for the thoracic duct?
L2 from the cisterna chyli
197
What are examples of aggregate lymph nodules?
Peyer's patches of the small intestine and the tonsils
198
What are the functions of lymph nodules?
- Lymphocytopoiesis (perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line)
- To aid in immune response
199
What is identified in the lymph node cortex?
Solitary lymph nodules
200
What is the function of lymph nodes?
- Filter lymph (primary function)
- Lymphocytopoiesis (perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line)
- Participate in immune response
201
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
202
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
Posterior/kyphotic
203
What accounts for the direction of the cervical curve?
The intervertebral disc height
204
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
Anterior/lordotic
205
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
206
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
- Anterior groove
- Posterior groove
- Right and left uncinate processes
207
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, lateral lip, or uncus
208
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndemosis joint
209
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
210
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Catilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
211
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
Five
212
How many joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
Five
213
How many joint surfaces are preset on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
Ten
214
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Four
215
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
216
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
Longus colli muscle
