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UT BME 365S > Exam 1: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 1: Respiratory System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

anatomy

A

morphology; what the body looks like

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2
Q

physiology

A

functionality; how the body works

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3
Q

primary functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
  2. homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. vocalization
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4
Q

directions in gas exchange

A

oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

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5
Q

how do the lungs alter pH?

A

selectively retaining or excreting carbon dioxide

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6
Q

which tissue protects the body from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances?

A

respiratory epithelium

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7
Q

how does vocalization occur?

A

vibrations are created by air moving across the vocal cords

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8
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

process between heart and lungs to reoxygenate the blood

contains 500 mL / ~ 50% of total amounts

bulk flow exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli

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9
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation; taking in of oxygen

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10
Q

expiration

A

exhalation; blowing out carbon dioxide

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11
Q

internal (cellular respiration)

A

exchange of gases between blood and cells (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)

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12
Q

role of airways

A
  1. warming air to body temperature

2 . adding water vapor until air reaches 100% humidity

  1. filtering out foreign material
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13
Q

why is it important to condition air before it enters the body

A
  1. protects alveoli from cold temperatures
  2. prevents exchange epithelium from drying out
  3. removes viruses, bacteria, and inorganic particles before they reach the alveoli
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14
Q

which cells secrete the mucus layer?

A

goblet cells

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15
Q

how is mucus moved?

A

underlying cilia create an upward motion toward the pharynx

mucus that reaches this point is swallowed

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16
Q

why is mucus important?

A

mucus contains immunoglobulins (antibodies) that disable pathogens

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17
Q

why does cilia not stick to mucus?

A

a fluid layer lies between mucus and cilia

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18
Q

saline secretion by the airway epithelium

A
  1. NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF
  2. apical anion channels, including CFTR, allow Cl- to enter the lumen
  3. Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient
  4. NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates a concentration gradient so water follows into the lumen
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19
Q

upper respiratory system components

A

neck and above

nasal cavity, tongue, pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, larynx

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20
Q

lower respiratory system components

A

neck and below

bronchi, alveoli, lungs, thorax (chest cavity)

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21
Q

how does the velocity of air across different size of lung branches change?

A

air becomes slower at smaller diameters (thinner branches)

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22
Q

types of alveolar cells

A

type I alveolar epithelium

type II alveolar epithelium

alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

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23
Q

type I alveolar epithelium

A

thin squamous cell

occupies 95% of the alveolar surface

function: rapid gas exchange

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24
Q

which alveolar cell covers the majority of its surface?

A

type I alveolar epithelium

covers 95% of the alveolar surface

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25
type II alveolar epithelium
function: produces pulmonary surfactant decreases surface tension in the alveoli helps to expand lungs during breathing
26
alveolar macrophage (dust cell)
function: ingesting foreign material
27
what fills the majority of space in between alveoli?
blood vessels fill 80-90% of space no muscle because these would block gas exchange connective tissues contain elastin and collagen which helps to keep alveoli elastic
28
why is the proximity of capillary blood and alveolar air important?
closer connections allow for the most efficient gas transfer
29
pressure gradient and resistance determine...
air flow of the respiratory system
30
pleural membrane
fluid filled sac surrounding the lungs function: creates moist, slippery surface so that the lungs can move within the thorax and holds lungs tight against the thoracic wall
31
volume of the pleural fluid
25-30 mL for a 70 kg man similar to spreading 3 mL of water over the surface of a 3L bottle SUPER SMALL
32
boyle's law
p1v1 = p2v2 as the volume of gas increases, pressure goes down
33
how does boyle's law explain how lungs fill with air?
during inspiration, chest volume increases alveolar pressure decreases since alveolar pressure is now lower than atmospheric pressure, air will rush in/fill the lungs
34
dalton's law
the sum of partial pressures makes up the total pressure of a mixture of gases pressure contributions from individual gases can be found; explains the rate and direction that gases flow in the alveoli
35
law of laplace
pressure = 2 * surface tension / radius explains why out of two alveoli with the same surface tension, the smaller alveoli will have a higher pressure and is therefore more susceptible to collapse/needs more surfactant
36
pressure gradients law
gases, singly or in a mixture, move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
37
pressure gradients law (single gas example)
oxygen will move from areas of high partial pressure of oxygen to areas of low partial pressure of oxygen regardless of other gases' partial pressures
38
physical changes during inspiration
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, and scalene contract (allowing lungs to have a greater volume) thoracic cavity expands
39
physical changes during expiration
diaphragm relaxes thoracic cavity shrinks/reduces forced expiration only: internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract
40
breathing mechanism
1. changing volume makes a pressure difference (by boyle's law) 2. pressure difference makes air flow (by pressure gradients law) 3. therefore, changing volume makes air flow
41
inter/costal
between/rib
42
scalenes
contribute to inspiration by lifting the sternum and upper ribs
43
where do ribs attach?
sternum (breast bone)
44
intercostal muscle control
muscles have their own nerves to regulate contraction (controlled by the brain) pulls rib cage and sternum up and out
45
diaphragm
separates chest from abdomen and contributes to respiration
46
what are the causes of inspiratory volume change?
60-75%: diaphragm contracts to move about 1.5 cm 25-40%: movement of the rib cage
47
quiet breathing
exhalation is a passive process contraction of diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, and scalenes still occurs
48
physical changes during forced exhalation
diaphragm relaxes thoracic cavity shrinks/reduces internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract
49
diseases affecting ventilation
any neuromuscular disease that weakens skeletal muscles/damages motor neurons can affect ventilation
50
pyasthenia gravis
acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plats of skeletal muscles are destroyed
51
polio
viral illness that paralyzes skeletal muscles through damaging motor neurons at the spinal cord
52
side effects of decreased ventilation
less fresh air enters lungs loss of the ability to cough can increase risk of pneumonia/other infections
53
the patient's respiratory tract and a spirometer form a _______ system
closed when breathing, air moves from the spirometer into the lungs
54
tidal volume (Vt)
quiet breathing ~ 500 mL / breath
55
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
maximum inspiration
56
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
maximum expiration
57
residual volume (RV)
air left in the airway and lungs
58
inspiratory capacity
IRV + Vt
59
vital capacity (VC)
Vt + IRV + ERV
60
total lung capacity (TLC)
VC + RV
61
ventilation rates
normal resting: 12-20 breaths/min active: 30-40 breaths/min
62
respiratory minute volume (RMV)
usually ~ 6 L/min = tidal volume * breaths/min
63
male vs. female lung capacity
male: TLC ~ 5800 mL female: TLC ~ 4200 mL

UT BME 365S (3 decks)

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