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UT BME 365S > Exam 1: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 1: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

morphology; what the body looks like

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2
Q

physiology

A

functionality; how the body works

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3
Q

primary functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
  2. homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. vocalization
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4
Q

directions in gas exchange

A

oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

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5
Q

how do the lungs alter pH?

A

selectively retaining or excreting carbon dioxide

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6
Q

which tissue protects the body from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances?

A

respiratory epithelium

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7
Q

how does vocalization occur?

A

vibrations are created by air moving across the vocal cords

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8
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

process between heart and lungs to reoxygenate the blood

contains 500 mL / ~ 50% of total amounts

bulk flow exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli

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9
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation; taking in of oxygen

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10
Q

expiration

A

exhalation; blowing out carbon dioxide

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11
Q

internal (cellular respiration)

A

exchange of gases between blood and cells (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)

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12
Q

role of airways

A
  1. warming air to body temperature

2 . adding water vapor until air reaches 100% humidity

  1. filtering out foreign material
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13
Q

why is it important to condition air before it enters the body

A
  1. protects alveoli from cold temperatures
  2. prevents exchange epithelium from drying out
  3. removes viruses, bacteria, and inorganic particles before they reach the alveoli
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14
Q

which cells secrete the mucus layer?

A

goblet cells

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15
Q

how is mucus moved?

A

underlying cilia create an upward motion toward the pharynx

mucus that reaches this point is swallowed

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16
Q

why is mucus important?

A

mucus contains immunoglobulins (antibodies) that disable pathogens

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17
Q

why does cilia not stick to mucus?

A

a fluid layer lies between mucus and cilia

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18
Q

saline secretion by the airway epithelium

A
  1. NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF
  2. apical anion channels, including CFTR, allow Cl- to enter the lumen
  3. Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient
  4. NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates a concentration gradient so water follows into the lumen
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19
Q

upper respiratory system components

A

neck and above

nasal cavity, tongue, pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, larynx

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20
Q

lower respiratory system components

A

neck and below

bronchi, alveoli, lungs, thorax (chest cavity)

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21
Q

how does the velocity of air across different size of lung branches change?

A

air becomes slower at smaller diameters (thinner branches)

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22
Q

types of alveolar cells

A

type I alveolar epithelium

type II alveolar epithelium

alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

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23
Q

type I alveolar epithelium

A

thin squamous cell

occupies 95% of the alveolar surface

function: rapid gas exchange

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24
Q

which alveolar cell covers the majority of its surface?

A

type I alveolar epithelium

covers 95% of the alveolar surface

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25
Q

type II alveolar epithelium

A

function: produces pulmonary surfactant

decreases surface tension in the alveoli

helps to expand lungs during breathing

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26
Q

alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

A

function: ingesting foreign material

27
Q

what fills the majority of space in between alveoli?

A

blood vessels

fill 80-90% of space

no muscle because these would block gas exchange

connective tissues contain elastin and collagen which helps to keep alveoli elastic

28
Q

why is the proximity of capillary blood and alveolar air important?

A

closer connections allow for the most efficient gas transfer

29
Q

pressure gradient and resistance determine…

A

air flow of the respiratory system

30
Q

pleural membrane

A

fluid filled sac surrounding the lungs

function: creates moist, slippery surface so that the lungs can move within the thorax and holds lungs tight against the thoracic wall

31
Q

volume of the pleural fluid

A

25-30 mL for a 70 kg man

similar to spreading 3 mL of water over the surface of a 3L bottle

SUPER SMALL

32
Q

boyle’s law

A

p1v1 = p2v2

as the volume of gas increases, pressure goes down

33
Q

how does boyle’s law explain how lungs fill with air?

A

during inspiration, chest volume increases

alveolar pressure decreases

since alveolar pressure is now lower than atmospheric pressure, air will rush in/fill the lungs

34
Q

dalton’s law

A

the sum of partial pressures makes up the total pressure of a mixture of gases

pressure contributions from individual gases can be found; explains the rate and direction that gases flow in the alveoli

35
Q

law of laplace

A

pressure = 2 * surface tension / radius

explains why out of two alveoli with the same surface tension, the smaller alveoli will have a higher pressure and is therefore more susceptible to collapse/needs more surfactant

36
Q

pressure gradients law

A

gases, singly or in a mixture, move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

37
Q

pressure gradients law (single gas example)

A

oxygen will move from areas of high partial pressure of oxygen to areas of low partial pressure of oxygen regardless of other gases’ partial pressures

38
Q

physical changes during inspiration

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, and scalene contract (allowing lungs to have a greater volume)

thoracic cavity expands

39
Q

physical changes during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes

thoracic cavity shrinks/reduces

forced expiration only: internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract

40
Q

breathing mechanism

A
  1. changing volume makes a pressure difference (by boyle’s law)
  2. pressure difference makes air flow (by pressure gradients law)
  3. therefore, changing volume makes air flow
41
Q

inter/costal

A

between/rib

42
Q

scalenes

A

contribute to inspiration by lifting the sternum and upper ribs

43
Q

where do ribs attach?

A

sternum (breast bone)

44
Q

intercostal muscle control

A

muscles have their own nerves to regulate contraction (controlled by the brain)

pulls rib cage and sternum up and out

45
Q

diaphragm

A

separates chest from abdomen and contributes to respiration

46
Q

what are the causes of inspiratory volume change?

A

60-75%: diaphragm contracts to move about 1.5 cm

25-40%: movement of the rib cage

47
Q

quiet breathing

A

exhalation is a passive process

contraction of diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, and scalenes still occurs

48
Q

physical changes during forced exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes

thoracic cavity shrinks/reduces

internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract

49
Q

diseases affecting ventilation

A

any neuromuscular disease that weakens skeletal muscles/damages motor neurons can affect ventilation

50
Q

pyasthenia gravis

A

acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plats of skeletal muscles are destroyed

51
Q

polio

A

viral illness that paralyzes skeletal muscles through damaging motor neurons at the spinal cord

52
Q

side effects of decreased ventilation

A

less fresh air enters lungs

loss of the ability to cough can increase risk of pneumonia/other infections

53
Q

the patient’s respiratory tract and a spirometer form a _______ system

A

closed

when breathing, air moves from the spirometer into the lungs

54
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

quiet breathing

~ 500 mL / breath

55
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

maximum inspiration

56
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

maximum expiration

57
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

air left in the airway and lungs

58
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

IRV + Vt

59
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

Vt + IRV + ERV

60
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

VC + RV

61
Q

ventilation rates

A

normal resting: 12-20 breaths/min

active: 30-40 breaths/min

62
Q

respiratory minute volume (RMV)

A

usually ~ 6 L/min

= tidal volume * breaths/min

63
Q

male vs. female lung capacity

A

male: TLC ~ 5800 mL

female: TLC ~ 4200 mL

UT BME 365S (3 decks)

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