Exam 1 reversed Flashcards
(57 cards)
reversed prompt
<p>PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division</p>
<p>autonomic ganglia & nerves</p>
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<p>do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura</p>
<p>complex partial seizures</p>
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<p>posterior forebrain<br></br>thalamus, hypothalamus</p>
<p>diencephalon</p>
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<p>carrying action potentials <strong>away</strong> from brain/specific area</p>
<p>efferent</p>
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<p>recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)<br></br>-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders</p>
<p>electroencephalogram (EEG)</p>
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<p>line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF</p>
<p>ependymal cells</p>
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<p>eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound <br></br>-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)</p>
<p>event-related potentials (ERPs)</p>
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<p><strong>DEPOLARIZATION</strong> of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP<br></br><u>less negative</u><br></br><strong>INFLUX OF SODIUM</strong></p>
<p>excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)</p>
reversed prompt
<p>small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change<br></br>depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP<br></br><strong>a bunch of GP --> AP</strong></p>
<p>graded potentials</p>
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<p>abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain</p>
<p>grand mal seizure</p>
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<p>dominated by cell bodies, <u>no myelin</u></p>
<p>gray matter</p>
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<p>cerebellum, pons, medulla</p>
<p>hindbrain</p>
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<p><u>de-synchronized</u> across regions</p>
<p>in normal brain, activity tends to be:</p>
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<p>paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes <u>auditory info</u></p>
<p>inferior colliculi</p>
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<p><strong>hyperpolarization</strong> (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP</p>
<p><strong>influx of chloride</strong></p>
<p><strong>efflux of potassium</strong></p>
<p>inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)</p>
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<p>glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won't reactivate</p>
<p>microglial cells</p>
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<p>glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once</p>
<p>oligodendrocyte</p>
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<p>frog hearts; <strong>chemicals</strong> needed, not electricity</p>
<p>Otto Loewi</p>
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<p>midbrain region involved in <u>pain perception</u></p>
<p>periaqueductal gray</p>
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<p>brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day</p>
<p>petit mal seizure</p>
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<p><u>most synthesized in cell body</u></p>
<p>-packaged in vesicles</p>
<p>-transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)</p>
<p><u>some synthesized in synaptic terminal</u></p>
<p>-transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell</p>
<p>-packaged into vesicles in prep for release</p>
<p>process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport</p>
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<p>progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes</p>
<p>radial glia</p>
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<p>inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; <u>more K+ inside </u>relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; <strong>Na+ out, K+ in</strong></p>
<p>resting state</p>
reversed prompt
<p>extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in <u>sleep & arousal</u></p>
<p>reticular formation</p>
PNS; covers/protects cells similar to atrsocyte
satalite glia
glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)
Schwann cell
wave of abnormally synchronous electrical activity in the brain
seizure
PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves
somatic (skeletal) nerves
integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other
- two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP
- simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out
- two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP
spatial summation
when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis
- voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)
- incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis
more calcium OUT than in
-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open
step 2: AP arrival
vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT
NT are released into synaptic cleft
effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)
-temporal & spatial summation
step 3: NT release
- converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); enzymatic degradation: NT is key so it is changed & can't unlock anymore (enzyme)
- reuptake by presynaptic neuron
- diffusion away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)
step 4: NT deactivation
brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections
substantia nigra
paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes visual info
superior colliculi
dorsal portion of midbran, consists of inferior & superior colliculi
tectum
main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts
tegmentum
anterior forebrain
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
telecephalon
integration of events happening at different times must be around same time
- two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP
- two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP
temporal summation
underneath gray matter; mostly myelinated axons, transmits info
white matter
form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
saltaory conduction
the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus
MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN'T “half fire” or “small fire”
“all-or-nothing”
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
Na+ distribution
outside cell: few
inside cell: many
K+ distribution
outside cell: many
inside cell: few
Cl- distribution
outside cell: many
inside cell: many
Protein- distribution
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
Ca2+ distribution
open K+ channels create resting potential
AP step 1
any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold
AP step 2
at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP
AP step 3
Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)
AP step 4
all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential
AP step 5
temporarily unresponsive or inactivated
refractory
brief period of insensitivity to stimuli
-can't fire at all
-voltage-gated Na+ channels can't respond (closed)
absolute refractory period
a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP
-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized
relative refractory period
receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist
ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors
substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules
agonist
receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell
G-protein-coupled/metabotropic
