Exam #1 Review Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of metabolism?
A
total of all the chemical reactions in your body
2
Q
How many elements are essential to humans?
A
25
3
Q
Which elements make up 96% of the weight in the human body?
A
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
4
Q
What charge do protons have?
A
Positive
5
Q
What charge do electrons have?
A
Negative
6
Q
What charge do neutrons have?
A
Neutral
7
Q
What is the atom’s nucleus made up of?
A
Protons and neutrons
8
Q
Where are electrons located in the atom?
A
They orbit the nucleus
9
Q
Define atomic number
A
The number of protons in an atom and gives the atom it’s identity in the periodic table
10
Q
Where is the atomic number found on the periodic table?
A
Above the element symbol
11
Q
Where is the atomic mass found on the periodic table?
A
Below the element symbol
12
Q
Define atomic mass
A
The number of protons plus neutrons
13
Q
How do you calculate how many neutrons are in an element when looking at the periodic table?
A
Subtract the atomic mass with the atomic number
14
Q
Define isotopes
A
Atoms with the same number of protons but have different number of neutrons
15
Q
Normal elements that are not isotopes have…
A
The same number of protons, electrons, and neutrons
16
Q
When the atomic mass changes we know we are dealing with…
A
Isotopes
17
Q
What are the types of chemical bonds?
A
Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
18
Q
Defined chemical bonds
A
Attractions that hold atoms close together
19
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
Attraction between oppositely charged ions
20
Q
What is an ion?
A
Adams that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons
21
Q
When an atom loses electrons it becomes _______
A
Positively charged
22
Q
When an atom gains an electron it becomes ______
A
Negatively charged
23
Q
An easy way to point out an ion is if____
A
The charge is stated
Na+) or (Cl-
24
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
Attractions that hold items together
25
Which is stronger a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond?
Covalent bond
26
If the electrons are shared that means its a _________
Covalent bond
27
How many electrons are shared in a single covalent bond? And how is this written?
2 electrons
| H-H
28
how many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond? And how is this written?
Four electrons
| O=O
29
What is a hydrogen bond?
Weak attractions by hydrogen atoms
30
Define polar molecule. And give an example of one
Uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, one positive pole and one negative pole
Water is a polar molecule containing hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules
31
When an electron is shared in a molecule what kind of bonds are found?
Covalent. Because electrons are shared
32
Define reactants
The starting materials
33
Define products
The end materials
34
How much water are our cells composed of?
70–95%
35
What are molecules stick together as a result of_____
Hydrogen bonding
36
What are water special properties?
1. It’s cohesion (stickiness)
2. Its strong resistance to temperature change
3. Ice floats
37
Water molecules move ______ when forming ice creating a ____ bond
Apart
| Stable hydrogen bond (water molecules are far apart)
38
What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?
A solvent is the dissolving agent (the liquid)
A solute is the dissolved substance (the solid)
39
Water is the _____ to life
Solvent
40
Define aqueous solution
When water is the solvent
41
What is a acid?
A chemical compound that releases H+ into a solution
42
What happens to hydrogen ions in an acidic solution?
They are taken away
43
What is the pH scale used for?
To describe the acidity of a solution
44
The lower pH the more______ a solution is
Acidic
45
The higher the pH the more _____ a solution is
Basic
46
What does one need equal parts of in order to have a balanced solution?
Hydrogen ions and hydroxides
47
There are more______ than _____ in an unbalanced acidic solution
More Hydrogen ions than hydroxides
48
What is the purpose of a proton?
Determines the element
49
What is the purpose of a electron?
Participates in forming chemical bonds
50
What is the purpose of a neutron?
Determines the isotopes
51
What are the two characteristics of a radioactive isotope?
There is a change in the number of neutrons, it is not stable, it’s atomic mass is different
52
The ability of an atom to chemically react mostly depends on the number of____
Electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom
53
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds because
The water molecule is polar
54
6CO2 + 6 H2O ———> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In this equation above, what are the reactants?
CO2 and H2O
55
Define organic compound and one characteristic of them
Carbon-based molecules
| Contains a carbon carbon backbone
56
Define functional groups
The group of atoms in organic compounds involved in chemical reactions
57
What is the difference between a single in a double bond?
In a single bond only one pair of electrons is shared
In a double bond two pairs of electrons are shared
58
What are macromolecules?
Very large molecules
59
What are types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid
60
Define monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules in order to form a polymer
Essentially building blocks
61
What is a polymer made up of
Identical monomers
62
A dehydration reaction involves...
The removal of water through a building reaction
63
Dehydration reaction helps link monomers together to make a polymer by...
Removing a molecule of water between the monomers
64
What does a hydrolysis reaction consist of?
Breaking a bond by taking apart polymers turning them back into monomers through adding a molecule of water between the monomers
65
Digestion is a form of a _______reaction
Hydrolysis
66
Why/when would we want to break down macromolecules?
We need to digest macromolecules to make their monomers available to our cells
67
Define carbohydrates
Includes sugars and polymers of sugars
68
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
69
In animals carbohydrates are a primary source of_______
Dietary energy
70
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose fructose and galactose
71
What are isomers? Give two examples...
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
Glucose and fructose
72
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
73
What is a disaccharide? And what is essential to form it?
Two monosaccharides linked together by a dehydrated reaction
Carbon carbon backbone is essential
74
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose Maltos and lactose
75
Define polysaccharides
Long chains of sugar polymers of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides also means many sugars
76
Give three examples of polysaccharides
Starch Glaswegian and cellulose
77
Where is glycogen stored?
In liver and muscle cells
78
What is a plant cell wall made up of?
Cellulose
79
What is one polysaccharide that humans cannot break down?
Cellulose
80
What is cellulose made up of?
Many linked glucose monomers
81
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic means water loving
| Hydrophobic means water fearing
82
What substance is hydrophilic?
| What substance is hydrophobic?
Carbohydrates
| Lipids
83
What makes lipids special?
Lipids are made up of different molecular building blocks
They are not macromolecules bc it does not have monomers or identical links
Yet they are organic compounds because they have the carbon carbon backbone
84
What is a necessary characteristic of a organic compound?
A carbon carbon backbone
85
What are some essential functions fat performs in the human body?
Energy storage, cushioning, insulation
86
When looking at a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid chain we know that it is a macromolecule or not based off of what fact?
Wether there are monomers or not (identical sets)
87
When looking at a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid with three chains branding off the head, how many need to be unsaturated for it to be considered unsaturated?
One
88
How do you point out an unsaturated lipid within a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid chain?
There will be a double bond
| CH2-CH=OI-CH2
89
How do you know if the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid link is saturated?
There will be ONLY single bonds
| CH2-CH2-CH2
90
A saturated fat. has all three of its fatty acids______
Saturated
91
How many links does carbon need to have in a fatty acid?
four links
C-CH2-CH
| | |
1 2 1
92
What is a main physical difference of saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats are liquid
| unsaturated fats are solids
93
What is hydrogenation?
Converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
94
What are the major types of proteins and their uses?
1. Structural proteins -provide support
2. Storage proteins- provide amino acids for growth
3. Contractile proteins- help movement (muscles)
4. Transport proteins- help transport substances
5. Enzymes - help chemical reactions
95
What are amino acids?
Monomers (building blocks) to proteins
96
How do amino acids form proteins?
By linking together in a bead manor then twisting and coiling together to create a ball of protein
97
What are three structural aspects to make an amino acid?
Carboxyl, amino, hydrogen
98
What is a peptide bond?
Bonds that join amino acids by dehydration reactions!
99
In what shape is protein functional?
In 3-D ball
100
What are polypeptides?
Long chains of amino acids
| the stage before the roiling up
101
Does the shape of a protein matter?
Yes, the structure of the protein enables its functions
102
What are ways to alter a proteins function/shape?
Mutation (by one abnormal amino acid), temperature, and PH level
103
What are the monomers of carbs?
Monosaccharides
104
*RNA contains a copy of _____
DNA
105
A specific sequence of DNA is called a _____
Gene
106
What do nucleic acids do?
Store information, and provide instructions for building proteins
107
*What makes up a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, and base
108
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
109
*What are chromosomes made up of?
DNA
110
What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
111
what are the three parts of each nucleotide?
1. Five carbon sugar
2. Phosphate groups
3. Nitrogen-containing base
112
What is an important element to a nucleotide?
A sugar-phosphate backbone
113
What differentiates each nucleotide?
Its base
114
What are the four possible bases for nucleotides?
Adenine,
Guanine,
Thymine,
Cystosine
115
What is the 'base pairing rule'?
A only pairs with T
| G only pairs with C
116
If one DNA strands has the sequence ACTGGT, what is the sequence of the other strand?
TGACCA
117
*What are three major difference between RNA and DNA?
1. The RNA sugar is ribose and the DNA sugar is deoxyribose
2. RNA's base is uracil (u) (no T base!)
3. RNA is found in a single stand, DNA is found in a double strand
118
What are the three domains biologists classify all of life into? And what type of cells are they each?
Bacteria -Prokaryotic cell
Archaea- Prokaryotic cell
Eukarya- Eukaryotic cell
119
*What are the main difference of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? And which is larger?
A prokaryotic cell is smaller and has no membrane bound organelles
A eukaryotic cell is larger and has membrane bound organelles (a nucleus!)
120
What do chromosomes do?
Carry genes made up of DNA
121
*What is the plasma membrane? And what is it made up of?
Barrier between the inside and outside of the cell (boundary/boarder of cell)
made up of phospholipids
122
What do ribosomes do?
Synthesize (make) proteins
123
What are phospholipids?
Main component of plasma membrane or cell membrane
124
*What are the parts of a phospholipid and its characteristics? and how are they arranged
Phospholipid has a head and a tail.
The head is hydrophilic so it faces the cytoplasm inside the cell, and the tail is hydrophobic.
Phospholipids are arranged into a two-layer sheet
125
Where are hydrophilic amino acids in a cell?
On the top and bottom of the cell facing the cytoplasm
126
What does peptidoglycan refer to?
The cell wall of prokaryotic cells
127
What do flagella do?
Move prokaryotic cell though liquid
| a propeller
128
*What is chloroplast?
Sight of photosynthesis, green in color
129
What type cells are plant and animal cells?
Eukaryotic
130
What are three characteristics of plant cells?
Contains:
chloroplast,
cell wall surrounding cell membrane,
central vacuole (helps with water pressure in cell)
131
What are two characteristics of animal cells?
Contains:
centrosomes (for mitosis)
lysosomes
132
Ribosomes are found in both ____ and ____ cells.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
133
What do ribosomes do?
Make proteins
134
How do ribosomes make proteins?
By collecting data from mRNA translating its message to a protein
135
Where are ribosomes made?
In the nucleus
136
How is a protein made
DNA copies half itself to make an mRNA in order to deduce its size.
mRNA travels out of nucleus through nuclear pore into cytoplasm
in the cytoplasm mRNA binds to a ribosome
DNA--> mRNA-->Protein
137
Which cell contains DNA and which cell contains ribosomes, a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?
They both contain both DNA and ribosomes
138
Which organisms contain a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria and archaea
139
Which organisms contain a eukaryotic cell?
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
140
Which cell contains a nucleus a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell? Which contain a membrane-bound organelle?
A eukaryotic cell contains a membrane-bound organelle (an example of this is a nucleus)
141
What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?
1. Cocci =spherical
2. Bacilli=rod-shaped
3. Spirochetes=spiral or curved
142
What are the two classifications of bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria- thick peptidoglycan layer, looks purple after staining
Gram-negative bacteria- thin peptidoglycan layer, looks pink after staining (bc can retain the color due to such a thin outer layer)
143
What are two ways in which bacteria can eat?
Autotrophs- "self feeders" make their own food ( plants self feed through sunlight through photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs- "other feeders" rely on others living organisms to provide the with food (we are heterotrophs)
