Exam 1 review

Question 1

what is desistance

Answer 1

where an offender purses a crime free life without the help of criminal justice professionals

Question 2

what is duty counsel

Answer 2

a lawyer paid by the government to provide leagal advice

Question 3

what are crime rates

Answer 3

the measure of overall police reported crimes as a percentage of the population

Question 4

what is crime trend

Answer 4

an observable pattern in how crime rates have changed over time

Question 5

what is the crime severity index

Answer 5

a measure of the volume and severity of police reported crime in any given region or time period

Question 6

what is the dark figure of crime

Answer 6

crimes that have been committed but go undetected and/or not reported to the police but have shown up in self report measures or other indicators of crime and victimization

Question 7

what is attrition

Answer 7

the filtering process that reduces the number of criminal cases as they move through the various stages of the criminal justice system

Question 8

what is penology

Answer 8

the study of punishment and social sanctions including the laws, practices and beliefs about who, how and why societies punish

Question 9

what is recidivism

Answer 9

relapsing into criminal behavior after treatment and/or sentencing within the criminal justice system “reoffending”

Question 10

what is remand

Answer 10

hold of an accused in custody while they person waits for trial or sentencing

Question 11

what two models of criminal justice did Packer identify

Answer 11

crime control and the welfare model

Question 12

what is crime control

Answer 12

is on the punishment side of the continuum and largely concerned with assuring that the public that crime will not be tolerate and once discovered there will be punishment

Question 13

what is welfare model

Answer 13

is on the treatment side of the continuum and stresses the importance of looking after the needs of the offender to ensure that the persons problems are addressed to lessen future crime

Question 14

what is rehabilitation

Answer 14

the treatment of offenders in order to prevent future criminal activity, a planned intervention that targets the offenders criminality

Question 15

what is deterrence

Answer 15

an approach to crime that focuses on what forms of punishment are necessary to prevent crime from happening

Question 16

what two forms are part of deterrence

Answer 16

special and general

Question 17

what is specific deterrence

Answer 17

seeks to punish the individual offender just enough that it acts as a disincentive to the offender for committing any future crimes

Question 18

what is general deterrence

Answer 18

is about punishing offenders severely enough that the population at large views crime as undesirable and chooses not to commit crime

Question 19

what is the root causes of crime

Answer 19

focuses on the protection of society, culture, economy, and systems that are more likely to lead an individual to commit crime

Question 20

what is the justice model

Answer 20

focuses on the protection of society through deterrence principles but also acknowledges the possibility for human errors is how the system operates. to deter crime but applied equally and fairly to everyone

Question 21

what is the community change model

Answer 21

focuses on these root causes to identify how lack of access to resources and the disadvantages experienced by some members of society create the underlying factors that lead to crime

Question 22

what is restorative justice

Answer 22

a system of addressing conflict that acknowledges the injury suffered during the commission of a crime and strives to repair that injury through reconciling the offender with the victim and their community

Question 23

what is the class definition of criminology

Answer 23

the study of how and why crime happens

Question 24

what is the class definition of criminal justice

Answer 24

what to do about criminal activity once it has occurred

Question 25

what are self report studies

Answer 25

data on crimes not reported to the police

Question 26

what eight things does the general social survey ask about

Answer 26

sexual assault, robbery, physical assault, thief of personal property, break and enters, vehicle thief, thief of household property and vandalism

Question 27

what is bobby

Answer 27

a British slang word for policeman

Question 28

what is the SARA model

Answer 28

S: scanning A: analysis R: response A: assessment

Question 29

what is the CAPRA model

Answer 29

C: Client A: Acquiring and analyzing P: partnership R: response A: assessment

Question 30

what two types of clients are there

Answer 30

direct and indirect

Question 31

what are direct clients

Answer 31

people the police interact with at various points in their service delivery

Question 32

what are indirect clients

Answer 32

not directly involved in an incident but has an interest in the outcome

Question 33

what is the class definition of criminal

Answer 33

anyone who has been convicted of a crim

Question 34

when did policing become a thing in Fredericton

Answer 34

1848

Question 35

in what year did upper Canada create board of commissioner of police

Answer 35

1859

Question 36

in what year did provincial police in Quebec and newfoundland

Answer 36

1870-1871

Question 37

in what year did Ontario form their police

Answer 37

1909

Question 38

in what year was the RCMP created

Answer 38

1920

Question 39

what is crime prevention through social development

Answer 39

schools, YMCA

Question 40

what is situational crime prevention

Answer 40

home security systems

Question 41

what is crime prevention through environment design

Answer 41

changing/developing areas, anti homeless architecture

Question 42

what is community and problem- oriented policing

Answer 42

community and police working together

Question 43

what is recidivism prevention

Answer 43

john-Howard society (programs that help offenders not offend anymore)

Question 44

what does Welsh and Farrington contend that crime prevention should be

Answer 44

the fourth pillar of crime reduction, alongside the institutions of police, courts and corrections

Question 45

what are the three components of problem oriented approach

Answer 45

an analytical process, an intervention, and consideration of solutions

Question 46

what are the five sectors the canadian association of chiefs of police created

Answer 46

static guard (property security), enhanced security services (active crime prevention) private investigators, corporate security and forensic investigation

Question 47

how can social media help police

Answer 47

in communication, education and mobilization

Question 48

what are the two sides of adversarial system

Answer 48

defence and prosecution

Question 49

what is a red flag

Answer 49

an order to remove firearms from a person who may pose a threat to themselves or others

Question 50

what is a yellow flag

Answer 50

suspend a license for up to 30 days because there is belief they are not long fit to have a license (weapon is not removed from the persons possession)

Question 51

what is an arrest

Answer 51

taking or keeping of a person in custody by legal authority specially in response to a criminal offence

Question 52

what is an arrest warrant

Answer 52

a document signed by a judge authorizing a police offer to apprehend a specific person for a specific reason

Question 53

what does the PEACE model stand for

Answer 53

P: preparation and planning E: engage and explain A: account C: closure E: evaluation

Question 54

what 6 things does an officer have to address when responding to an incident

Answer 54

Environment (weather/time), number of subjects, perception of subjects ability, prior knowledge of subject, time/distance, protentional attack signs

Question 55

what are the 5 things of the subjects behavior

Answer 55

cooperative, non-cooperative, resistant, combative, showing the potential to cause bodily harm or death

Question 56

what are the 5 force response available to the police

Answer 56

officer presence, communication, physical control, intermediate (sprays/Taser), lethal force (weapons)

Question 57

what are street checks

Answer 57

when an officer stops to collect identifying information and record for future use (like getting information on a crime)

Question 58

what are non- custodial interviewing

Answer 58

the person does not have to answer but what they say can be used against them, not under arrest

Question 59

what are the three problems associated with the Mr. Big technique

Answer 59

the risk of false confessions and wrongful convictions, prejudice to the accused, the protentional for police misconduct