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Exam 1 Review Flashcards

Soil Taxonomy and Formation (57 cards)

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1
Q

Organisms: Plants’ role in soil formation

A

Greatest imapct on soil formation and characteristics, changes: the way water flows, water content dynamics, o.m., soil structure, and microbial activity

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2
Q

Organisms: insect and animal roles in soil formation

A

Examples: animal burrows that fill a horizon with soil material from a different horizon, pedoturbation accelerates soil erosion and soil development, or removal of vegetation which increases the rate of crusting and erosion

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3
Q

Soil formation processes

A

Transformation- rock weathering and o.m. decomposition

Translocation: movement of io.m and o.m. through the soil profile resulting in losses and accumulations

Additions: materials such as plant residue or water

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4
Q

Topography Factors

A

Steep Slopes: thin/nonexistent b/c water required for chemical weathering runs off slopes and does not accumulate

Lowland Valleys: soil tends to be thickest where water and loose material comes to rest and therefore accumulates

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5
Q

Parent Material

A

Composed of primary minerals which weather in soil formation into secondary materials

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6
Q

Parent material deposited solely via water

A

Lacustrine (lakes)
Alluvial (fluvial) ((streams))
Marine (oceans)

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7
Q

Parent material deposited via gravity

A

Colluvial

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8
Q

Parent material deposited solely via ice

A

Till
Moraine

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9
Q

Parent material deposited via water and ice

A

Outwash
Lacustrine
Alluvial
Marine

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10
Q

Parent material deposited solely via wind

A

Eolian

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11
Q

Parent material deposited via volcanic ash

A

Tephra

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12
Q

Primary minerals examples

A

Calcite, olivine, hornblend, biotite, mica, albite, quartz

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13
Q

Secondary minerals examples

A

Carbonates, gypsum, oxide clays, silicate clays

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14
Q

Rxns in chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis: splits H2O
(x + H2O -> y +z )

Hydration: adds a water molecule
( y + z -> H2O + x)

Dissolution: water as a solvent , hydrates cations and anions
(x + H2O -> y + z + H2O)

Carbonation: rxn with CO2 or H2CO3 solubilizing minerals
(x + y -> H2CO3)

Redox rxns: loss or gain of electrons
oxidation: ((x^2+) -> (x^4+) + 2e-)
reduction: ((x^3+) + e- -> (x^2+))

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15
Q

Soil Horizons- O (with suffixes)

A

Organic horizon in various stages of decomposition (>20% o.m.)

Oi- slightly decomposed
Oe- moderately decomposed
Oa- highly decomposed

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16
Q

Soil horizons- A

A

Top mineral layer where o.m. accumulates (0-20% o.m.)

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17
Q

Soil Horizons- E

A

LIghter colored than A- where clay and o.m. have been leached (eluviation)

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18
Q

Soil Horizons- B

A

Zone where clay and o.m. from the A/E horizons accumulate (illuviation)

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19
Q

Soil Horizons- C

A

Unconsolidated parent material

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20
Q

Soil Horizons- M

A

Manmade layer

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21
Q

Soil Horizons- R

A

Underlying rock with no evidence of weathering

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22
Q

Soil Horizon Suffix- b

A

Buried horizon formed before burial

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23
Q

Soil Horizon Suffix- f

24
Q

Soil Horizon Suffix- c

Study These Flashcards
A

Concretions or nodules

25
Soil Horizon Suffix- g
Strong gleying
26
Soil Horizon Suffix- h
Illuvial accumulation of humus
27
Soil Horizon Suffix- k
Accumulation of carbonates
28
Soil Horizon Suffix- m
Strong cementation
29
Soil Horizon Suffix- n
Accumulation of sodium
30
Soil Horizon Suffix- o
residual accumulation of Fe and Al oxides
31
Soil Horizon Suffix- ss
Slickensides- shiny clays resulting from shrink-swell
32
Soil Horizon Suffix- s
Illuvial accumulation of Fe and Al sequioxides
33
Soil Horizon Suffix- t
Illuvial accumulation of clay
34
Soil Horizon Suffix- y
Accumulation of gypsum
35
Diagnostic Horizons/epipedons- Mollic
Thick, dark, fertile A horizon with at least 1% o.m., high base saturation, ph > 7
36
Diagnostic Horizons/epipedons- histic
Large O horizon, often wet, low density soil
37
Diagnostic Horizons/epipedons- ochric
Light colored A horizon of low o.m. common in arid areas
38
Diagnostic Horizons/epipedons- umbric
Dark A horizon unlike mollic in that it is acidic (pH<7) and a base saturation <50%
39
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- Argillic
Bt horizon of illuvial clay accumulation
40
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- albic
Highly leached, white colored E horizon
41
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- calcic
Horizon with accumulation of CaCO3
42
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- cambic
Weakly developed horizon- soil shows alteration from parent material but less severe than argillic or calcic
43
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- oxic
Highly weathered (oxidized) red horizon abundant in Fe and Al oxides
44
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons/endopedons- spodic
An acidic, illuvial accumulation of humus and Al usually found in coniferous forest soils
45
Soil Orders- Alfisols
Alf- contains illuvial cly horizon (bt), agriculturally productive
46
Soil Orders- Andisols
And- consists of volcanic materials
47
Soil Orders- Aridisols
Id- common in low rainfall areas (desert soils)
48
Soil Orders- Entisols
Ent- contain A and C horizons only, immature soil (no B horizon), often in floodplains and disturbed areas, typically young
49
Soil Orders- Gelisols
El- have permafrost with 1m of surface and/or cryoturbation
50
Soil Orders- Histosols
Ist- organic soils, >20% humus
51
Soil Orders- Inceptisols
Ept- young soils with weak B horizon
52
Soil Orders- Mollisols
Oll- surface horizon darken by o.m., very productive soil typically formed in grassland
53
Soil Orders- Oxisols
Ox- most highly weathered soils, red from iron oxides, most common in tropical areas
54
Soil Orders- Spodosols
Od- forest soils (coniferous or tropical) typically with high amounts of sand and low pH
55
Soil Orders- Ultisols
Ult- highly weathered soils with low pH
56
Soil Orders- Vertisols
Ert- contain high shrink-swell clays causing shifting dimensions with changing water content, vertical cracks when it dries
57
Soil Orders From least weathered/developed to most
Entisols, [histosols, andisols, inceptisols], [vertisols, aridisols], [alfisols, mollisols], [ultisols, spodosols], oxisols

SOCR240 (1 decks)

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