Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Input and output of glycolysis

Answer 1

Input: 1 Glucose
(2 ATP)

Output: 2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP (4 ATP)
5 Precursor metabolites

Question 2

Input and output of fermentation

Answer 2

Input: 2 pyruvate

Output: 2 NAD+

Question 3

Synthesis of acetyl Coa Input and output

Answer 3

Input: 2 pyruvate

Output: 2 acetyl coa
2 NADH

Question 4

TCA cycle input and output

Answer 4

Input: 2 acetyl Coa

Output: 2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

Question 5

ETC

Answer 5

Input: electrons

Output: 34 ATP

Question 6

reducing power

Answer 6

capability of compounds such as NADH of donating electrons

Question 7

molecule that is oxidized

Answer 7

loses electron

loses potential energy

Question 8

NAD+

Answer 8

is an oxidized electron carrier that gets reduced

Question 9

beta lactam antibodies

Answer 9

Inhibit the cell wall synthesis

• Penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapanems
• used to treat gram positive bacteria (have thick peptidoglycan layer)
• inhibit transpeptidase
• must be actively growing cells

Question 10

penicillins

Answer 10

-5 varieties with varying side chains

Question 11

cephalosporins

Answer 11

4 generations

Question 12

carbapenems

Answer 12

most resistant to beta lactamase
last resort
EX: NDM1 is resistant

Question 13

non beta lactam cell wall inhibitor

Answer 13

Vancomycin

• binds to D Ala D Ala to prevent chain elongation
• not given orally except to treat C diff
• not absorbed well
• last resort

Question 14

cell membrane inhibitors

Answer 14

Polymixin B (narrow range)

• cell toxicity, only topical
• inserts into cell membrane and causes lysis

Question 15

nucelic acid synthesis inhibitors

Answer 15

Fluoroquinolones

-inhibit topoisomerase (DNA gyrase)

Question 16

protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 16

Macrolades: erythromycin

Lincosamides: clindamycin

Aminoglycosides: streptomycin

Tetracycline

Question 17

macrolades

Answer 17

Bind to the 50S subunit

• erythromycin
• block mRNA movement

Question 18

lincosamides

Answer 18

Bind to the 50 S subunit

• clindamycin
• block mRNA movement
• *can cause C diff

Question 19

Aminoglycosides

Answer 19

Bind to 30S subunit

• premature ribosome release
• streptomycin
• *may cause auditory damage, don’t give to young children

Question 20

Tetracyclines

Answer 20

Bind to 30S

• prevent tRNA docking
• may cause yeast infection in vagina and tooth discoloration in developing humans

Question 21

metabolic inhibitors

Answer 21

Sulfonamides

-competetively bind PABA and block folic acid synthesis

Question 22

Gram positive

Answer 22

• thick peptidogycan layer
• thin periplasmic space
• teichoic acid
• stains blue

Question 23

Gram negative

Answer 23

• thin peptidogycan layer
• outer cell membrane
• LPS
• porins
• Stains red

Question 24

bacteria with no cell wall

Answer 24

mycoplasma

Question 25

bacteria with unusual cell wall

Answer 25

mycobacterium | spirochetes

Question 26

general purpose media

Answer 26

broad range of microbes

Question 27

enriched non selective media

Answer 27

contains complex organic substances to support growth of most organisms (blood agar, thioglycolate)

Question 28

specialized

Answer 28

contains nutrients to support the growth of specific organisms - fastidious or in a mix of organisms - cooked meat media (also enriched)

Question 29

selective

Answer 29

contains INHIBITORY substances that suppress the gorwth of all but one organism

Question 30

differential

Answer 30

contains specific ingredients that allow identification ofa an organism in a mixture (ph indicator)