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Biology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution is:

A

A change in the characteristics of a population over time.

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2
Q

Population:

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

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3
Q

Cell Theory:

A

All Organisms are made of cells, and cells come from preexisting cells.

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4
Q

Organism:

A

A living entity made up of one or more cells

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5
Q

Cells:

A

membrane bound units that regulate the passage of materials between interior and exterior spaces.

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6
Q

What is an organisms main goal?

A

Replicate

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7
Q

What are the three unifying ideas of biology?

A

Cell theory, the theory of evolution, and the chromosome theory.

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8
Q

Natural selection acts on _____, but evolutionary change occurs in _____.

A

Individuals, populations.

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9
Q

Speciation:

A

Caused by natural selection; the evolution of 2 or more distinct species from a single ancestral species.

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10
Q

Fitness:

A

Individuals ability to reproduce

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11
Q

Adaptation:

A

Trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment

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12
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance:

A

Principle that genes are located ON chromosomes and that patterns of inheritance are determined by the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis.

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13
Q

Central Dogma describes:

A

The flow of information in cells, from DNA to RNA to proteins.

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14
Q

What determines physical traits?

A

Proteins

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15
Q

What are the three domains on the tree of life?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya

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16
Q

Genus:

A

(the genus is always capitalized: Homo Sapien)

Made up of closely related groups of species.

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17
Q

What type of cells are multicellular and have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus

A

Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea

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19
Q

Sugars are a source of _____ for a cell and are commonly produced by _____ in plants.

A

Energy, photosynthesis.

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20
Q

Fats/Lipids are important for _____ _____ and for building cell _____.

A

Storing energy, membranes.

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21
Q

Chromosome:

A

Gene carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins. Takes water, carbon dioxide, and ATP (products of mitochondria) and turns them into sugar and oxygen

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22
Q

Genes:

A

A section of DNA responsible for the hereditary determinant of a trait.

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23
Q

Plasmids:

What type(s) of cell contain plasmids?

A

Small, usually circular, supercoiled DNA molecule independent of the cells main chromosome(s) in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes.

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24
Q

Nucleoid:

A

In prokaryotic cells, a dense, centrally located region that contains DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane.

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25
Q

What is a nucleus and what is it’s function?

A

In eukaryotic cells, the large organelle containing the chromosomes surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina), functions as information storage and transmission.

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26
Q

Nucleolus:

A

Region in nucleus where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and the large and small ribosomal subunits are assembled.

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27
Q

Most basic unit of life:

A

A cell

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28
Q

Cytoplasm vs. Cytosol

A

Cytoplasm is everything within the cell membrane. Cytosol is just the fluid within the membrane.

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29
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Not an organelle; “protein factories” that take genetic information in the form of RNA and produce proteins.

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30
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Maintains intercellular environment; contains transport and receptor proteins.

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31
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

To produce sugars using light energy via photosynthesis. Contains pigments and enzymes.

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32
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP (the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer) production; brings food in through biological membrane and turns it into chemical energy (water, ATP, carbon dioxide)

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33
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

To oxidize fatty acids, ethanol, and other compounds. They contain enzymes that catalyze oxidation rxns. They are the center for redox rxns.

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34
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Storage, digestion, and recycling. It’s components vary from carbohydrates, water, pigments, oils, toxins, or hydrolases.

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35
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Digestion and recycling. It contains acid hydrolases (catalyze hydrolasis reactions)

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36
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus and what is it’s function?

A

It’s a stack of flattened, distinct cisternae (like a detached ER) containing receptors for products of rough ER. It’s function is to process proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

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37
Q

What is the function of rough ER vs smooth ER? What’s the interior of the ER called and what is it’s function?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions as protein synthesis and processing and has ribosomes, and smooth ER functions as a lipid processing center. Interior of rough ER called Lumen and it folds or processes newly manufactured proteins.

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38
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

In eukaryotic cells it is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm involved in cell shape, support, locomotion, and transport of material within cells. Less extensive network of fibers in prokaryotic cells.

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39
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes

A

In prokaryotes it is tough like an exoskeleton; in eukaryotes it allows for flow of water via osmosis and makes the cells volume expand

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40
Q

What is flagellum and what type of cell is it associated with?

A

Prokaryotic cells; tail like rigid filament that propels cell through water and moves incredible fast.

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41
Q

Fimbria:

A

Needle like projections extending from plasma membrane of some bacteria and promotes attachment to other cells and surfaces.

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42
Q

What are the advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells?

A

Incompatible chem rxns can be separated and chem rxns become more efficient.

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43
Q

Both _____ and _____ grow and divide independently of cell division.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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44
Q

Endocytosis:

A

Secretion of intracellular molecules, contained within membrane bound vesicles, to the outside of the cell by fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane.

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45
Q

Endocytosis:

A

Pinching of plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell.

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46
Q

The nuclear envelope has pore like openings that attach to the _________.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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47
Q

The _____ _____ ____ serves as a gate to control the passage of molecules through the nuclear envelope.

A

Nuclear pore complex

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48
Q

What organelles have a double membrane? (Hint: 3)

A

Mitochondrion (outer + inner that is highly folded; essential to cellular respiration), chloroplast (outer + thylakoids (numerous sacks); essential to photosynthesis), and the nucleus which is perforated with pores.

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49
Q

Structures common to most prokaryotes are (Hint: 5)

A

Ribosomes, a cell wall, a plasma membrane, an interior cytoskeleton, and a nucleoid.

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50
Q

The endomembrane system includes:

A

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes or vacuoles, and endosomes that all work together to synthesize, process, sort, transport, and recycle material.

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51
Q

_____ do all the work in living cells.

A

Proteins

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52
Q

Actin:

A

a filament responsible for cell shape

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53
Q

Amino acids have a central carbon bonded to an _____ group, a _____ atom, a _____ group, and an _____ group.

A

Amino group, hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and R-group

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54
Q

The structure of the R-group affects the _____ reactivity and _____ of the amino acid.

A

Chemical and solubility

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55
Q

In proteins, amino acids are joined by a peptide bond between the _____ group of an amino acid and the _____ group of another amino acid.

A

carboxyl, amino

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56
Q

A protein’s _____ structure is responsible for most of its chemical properties.

A

Primary

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57
Q

Interactions between _____ and _____ groups in the same peptide-bonded backbone create secondary structures.

A

C=O and N=H

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58
Q

_____ structures results from interactions between R-groups or R-groups and the peptide bonded backbone that stabilize a complete _____ into an overall _____ shape.

A

Tertiary, polypeptide, 3D

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59
Q

The combination of polypeptides represents the proteins _____ structure.

A

Quaternary

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60
Q

Protein folding is a _____ process, and it’s overall folded shape is essential to its _____.

A

Spontaneous, function

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61
Q

In organisms, proteins function in 6 ways:

A

Catalysis, defense, movement, signaling, structural support, and transport of materials.

62
Q

Catalysis takes place in an enzymes _____ _____, which has unique chemical _____ and a distinctive size and shape specific to its _____.

A

Active site, properties, subtrates.

63
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers if nucleotide monomers, which consist of a _____, a _____ group, and a _____ _____.

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

64
Q

What is the slight atomic difference between RNA and DNA?

A

Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on their 2 carbon, and deoxyribonucleotides have a hydrogen on their 2 carbon.

65
Q

Nucleic acids polymerize when _____ rxns join nucleotides together via _____ _____.

A

Condensation, phosphodiester linkages.

66
Q

Nucleic acids are directional. They have a ___ end and a ___ end. During polymerization, new nucleotides are added to only the ___ end.

A

5 and 3, 3 end.

67
Q

DNAs _____ structure consists of a sequence of linked nucleotides.

A

Primary

68
Q

DNAs _____ structure consists of two DNA strands running in opposite directions that are twisted into a double helix.

A

Secondary

69
Q

DNAs _____ structure forms compact structures by twisting the double helix into supercoils or wrapping them around _____.

A

Tertiary, proteins

70
Q

DNAs secondary structure is stabilized by _____ bonds, _____ interactions, and __________ interactions that form between complimentary bases stacked in the inside of the helix.

A

Hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals

71
Q

DNA is readily copied via _____ _____ pairing, which occurs between A-T and C-G

A

Complimentary base

72
Q

RNAs _____ structure consists of a sequence of linked nucleotides.

A

Primary

73
Q

RNAs _____ structure includes a variety of configurations including the “hairpin.”

A

Secondary

74
Q

The secondary structures of RNA can further fold into more complex shapes via _____ _____ pairing to give the molecule a _____ structure.

A

Complimentary base, tertiary

75
Q

RNA is versatile and can function as an _____-_____ molecule and a _____.

A

Information carrying, catalyst

76
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A

A, C, G, and U

77
Q

_____ _____ are building blocks of proteins.

A

Amino acids

78
Q

What is the role of an enzyme?

A

To quicken chemical rxns by binding subtrates at their active site.

79
Q

The information In the DNA is stored in the backbone _____ bonds. And the backbone of DNA and RNA both are made up of _____ bonds.

A

Covalent, covalent

80
Q

What are thylakoids and stroma? What are their functions?

A

Thylakoids are a membrane bound network of flattened sac like structures in plant chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy. Stacks of these make up grana. Stroma is the region between thylakoids and the inner membrane containing enzymes that use chemical energy to produce sugar.

81
Q

When the amount of protons in a nucleus equal the amount of electrons in an outer, the atom is _____.

A

Neutral

82
Q

Isotopes is a given element have the same number of _____ and a different number of _____.

A

Protons, neutrons

83
Q

Hydrogen bonds form because of interactions between _____ _____ bonds.

A

Polar covalent

84
Q

Electrons are completely transferred in _____ bonds.

A

Ionic

85
Q

Solute:

A

The things being dissolved

86
Q

Solvent:

A

The thing you are dissolving the solute in

87
Q

List bonds in order of strength:

A

Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen

88
Q

Atomic number refers to the number of _____.

A

Protons

89
Q

Molar mass refers to:

A

The sum of atomic mass in one mole

90
Q

Acids produce more _____ while bases produce more _____.

A

Hydronium ions, Hydroxide ions (or absorbs H)

91
Q

Acids give up ____ to produce _____.

A

Protons, hydronium ions

92
Q

List the molecule that acquires protons to lower the concentration of hydronium ions.

A

Base

93
Q

pH is a measure of:

A

Proton concentration

94
Q

The polarity of water allows _____ to dissolve.

A

Salts

95
Q

When water is at a neutral pH it is in _____ and contains many _____ ions.

A

Equilibrium, hydronium

96
Q

Electron sharing allows atoms to become more _____.

A

Stable

97
Q

List the charges for non polar bonds, polar bonds, and ionic bonds.

A

Non polar = no charge, polar = partial positive and partial negative charge, ionic = full charge

98
Q

The attraction between like molecules is called:

A

Cohesion

99
Q

The attraction between unlike molecules is called:

A

Adhesion

100
Q

Surface tension:

A

COHESIVE force caused by attraction between molecules at the surface of a liquid

101
Q

Ions are simple _____.

A

Protons

102
Q

What are buffers?

A

A compound that minimize change in pH. They are important for maintaining relatively constant conditions a.k.a. Stabilizers. They are likely to give up protons.

103
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy in molecules

104
Q

The more equal sharing of electrons the _____ the potential energy.

A

Higher

105
Q

What is entropy and how does it relate to spontaneity?

A

The amount of disorder in a system. The more disorder the more spontaneous reactions tend to be

106
Q

Exothermic reactions _____ heat while endothermic reactions _____ heat.

A

Release, absorb

107
Q

CO2H is a _____ group.

A

Carboxyl

108
Q

NH2 is a _____ group

A

Amino

109
Q

Amino acids _____ in water.

A

Ionize

110
Q

Both polar and electrically charged R groups are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

Hydrophilic

111
Q

When R groups are negatively charged they are _____ and lose protons. When they are positively charged they are _____ and absorb protons.

A

Acidic, basic

112
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecular subunit used to build a macromolecule . They become polymers when large numbers bond together.

113
Q

The process of linking monomers together is called:

A

Polymerization

114
Q

Monomers polymerize through _____ _____.

A

Condensation reactions

115
Q

Which reaction is energetically favorable and increases entropy? Condensation (dehydration) reactions or hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolysis

116
Q

The C-N covalent bond resulting from condensation reactions are called:

A

Peptide bonds

117
Q

A peptide refers to fewer than _____ amino acids linked.

A

50

118
Q

More than _____ linked amino acids are called polypeptides

A

50

119
Q

Explain a van der waal interaction:

A

Once hydrophobic side chains close, their association is further stabilized by electrical attractions

120
Q

Subtrates:

A

A reactant that interacts with a catalyst

121
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from nucleic acids made up of _____.

A

Nucleotides

122
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

123
Q

What is the central component of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar

124
Q

What are the monomers of RNA?

A

Ribonucleotides

125
Q

What are the monomers of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

126
Q

Purines are a class of double ringed , ___ atom, nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Name the two purines:

A

9 atoms, Adenine and Guanine

127
Q

Pyramidine is a class of single ringed nitrogenous bases made of ___ atoms and found in nucleotides. What are the three pyramidines?

A

6 atoms, Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

128
Q

Nucleotides polymerize via _____ _____ producing RNA and DNA

A

Condensation reactions

129
Q

The backbone in proteins is made up of _____ _____, while the _____ _____ in nucleic acids act as the backbone.

A

Peptide bonds, phosphodiester linkages

130
Q

Phosphates are _____ charged

A

Negatively

131
Q

Energy is released when phosphates form _____ _____ _____.

A

New stable bonds

132
Q

When activated nucleotides polymerize the reactions are _____.

A

Spontaneous

133
Q

In DNA, the anti parallel _____ _____ backbone forms the supports of the ladder, and _____ pairs form it’s rungs. The base pairs are held together by _____ _____.

A

Sugar, phosphate, base, hydrogen bonds.

134
Q

_____ interactions cause DNA to twist into a helix every 10 bases, but the helix is _____ overall and is soluble in water.

A

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic

135
Q

The primary structure of RNA is made up of a _____ _____ backbone, and a pyramdine base _____.

A

Ribose, phosphate, uracil

136
Q

Structure dictates _____.

A

Function

137
Q

DNA and RNA backbones encode and transport the _____ information of life until it is converted to _____.

A

Genetic, proteins

138
Q

Proteins are encoded by _____ in DNA

A

Genes

139
Q

Proteins are encrypted by _____.

A

RNA

140
Q

_____ is a major byproduct of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

141
Q

Biochemical energy from proteins is stored in _____ bonds of sugars by plants.

A

Carbon

142
Q

_____ are heterogeneous polymers of amino acids, of which there are ___ biologically relevant monomers.

A

Proteins, 20

143
Q

The largest known protein is called _____ (a muscle protein)

A

Titin

144
Q

In DNA and RNA, a _____ _____ is the linkage between the 3 carbon atom of one sugar and the 5 carbon atom of another.

A

Phosphodiester bond

145
Q

A peptide bond is an amide type of _____ _____ bond linking two consecutive (alpha/beta)-amino acids from C1 of one (alpha/beta)-amino acid and N2 of another along a peptide or protein chain.

A

Covalent chemical, alpha, alpha

146
Q

Peptide bonds occur between ___ ___ of an amino acid and ___ ___ of another.

A

C1 (carbon), N2 (nitrogen)

147
Q

_____ are linear polymers.

A

Proteins

148
Q

A _____ _____ is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. This is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a _____ reaction), and usually occurs between _____ _____.

A

Peptide bond, condensation, amino acids

149
Q

Single _____ cannot exist independently.

A

Cells

150
Q

Temperature is _____ within a cell.

A

Uniform

Biology (4 decks)

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