Exam 1 Review

Question 1

The blood brain barrier is created by ___; it allows for the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as glycopyrrolate

Answer 1

The blood brain barrier is created by astrocytes; it allows for the passage of small, lipophilic molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of large, charged molecules such as glycopyrrolate

Question 2

Scopolamine ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier

Answer 2

Can

Question 3

Glycopyrrolate ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier

Answer 3

Cannot

Question 4

Myelin is produced by ___ cells in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it surrounds and protects most ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system axons; it ___ (increases/decreases) nerve conduction velocities

Answer 4

Myelin is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system; it surrounds and protects most peripheral nervous system axons; it increases nerve conduction velocities

Question 5

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system

Answer 5

Central nervous system

Question 6

What are the three main components of the intracranial vault?

Answer 6

• Brain
• Blood
• CSF

Question 7

Blood = ___-___% of the intracranial vault

Answer 7

5-10%

Question 8

Afferent impulses go towards the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system

Answer 8

Central nervous system

Question 9

___ is the processing center of sensory information

Answer 9

Thalamus

Question 10

___ is the “captain” of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

___ controls respiration and cardiovascular function

Answer 11

Brain stem

Question 12

___ mater adheres directly to brain and spinal cord

Answer 12

Pia

Question 13

___ mater is the middle layer; contains CSF

Answer 13

Arachnoid mater

Question 14

___ mater is the outer layer

Answer 14

Dura

Question 15

The two layers of the dura mater form the ___ of the brain

Answer 15

Venous sinuses

Specifically—the dural venous sinuses are inbetween the periosteal/endosteal layer + the meningeal layer of the dura mater

Question 16

___ hematoma is bleeding between the skull and the dura mater

Answer 16

Epidural hematoma

Question 17

Epidural hematomas are usually ___ (arterial/venous) in origin

Answer 17

Arterial in origin—usually the meningeal arteries

Question 18

Subdural hematoma = bleeding between the ___ and ___ mater; results from tears in ___

Answer 18

Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid mater; results from tears in bridging veins

Question 19

Subarachnoid hemorrhage = bleeding between the ___ mater and ___ mater; it is usually from ruptured ___

Answer 19

Bleeding between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; it is usually from ruptured cerebral aneurysms

Question 20

CSF is produced by the ___; it surrounds and cushions the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it is absorbed into the ___

Answer 20

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus; it surrounds and cushions the central nervous system; it is absorbed into the venous sinuses

Question 21

Cranial nerve ___ innervates the muscles of facial expression and orbicularis oculi

Answer 21

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)

Question 22

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) is frequently monitored during what procedure?

Answer 22

Parotidectomy

Question 23

Cranial nerve ___ innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus, posterior oral mucosa, and some of the muscles of the pharynx involved in swallowing

Answer 23

Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal)

Question 24

Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) provides what reflex?

Answer 24

Gag reflex

Question 25

What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 25

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

Question 26

What muscle is the only adductor muscle of the vocal cords?

Answer 26

Cricothyroid muscle

Question 27

What nerve(s) can be damaged during thyroid surgery?

Answer 27

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

Question 28

What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the abductor muscles of the vocal cords?

Answer 28

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

Question 29

Bilateral RLN damage can cause an ___ emergency

Answer 29

Airway emergency

Question 30

Stimulation of the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve cause ___cardia

Answer 30

Bradycardia

Question 31

Stimulation of the pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve cause broncho___

Answer 31

Bronchoconstriction

Question 32

___ (what cells?) produce myelin sheath around the axons of the CNS

Answer 32

Oligodendrocytes

Question 33

___ allow for potential regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS

Answer 33

Neurolemma

Question 34

___ are highly aggressive neuroglial tumors

Answer 34

Glioblastomas

Question 35

Damage to the ___ lobe of the brain can cause abnormal behavior

Answer 35

Frontal lobe

Question 36

___ lobe is the visual center of the brain

Answer 36

Occipital lobe

Question 37

___ is responsible for coordination and fine motor control

Answer 37

Cerebellum

Question 38

Arterial blood supply to the brain comes from the bilateral ___ and ___ arteries

Answer 38

Bilateral carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 39

Carotid and vertebral arteries feed into the ___

Answer 39

Circle of Willis

Question 40

Carotid arteries branch to form the ___ and ___ cerebral arteries

Answer 40

Middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 41

The right carotid artery arises from the ___ artery

Answer 41

Innominate artery

Question 42

Both vertebral arteries arise from the ___ arteries

Answer 42

Subclavian arteries

Question 43

The solid spinal cord ends as the ___ around the level of ___-___ in adults

Answer 43

Ends as the conus medullaris around the level of L1-L2 in adults

Question 44

The conus medullaris is tethered to the coccyx by the ___

Answer 44

Filum terminalis

Question 45

Cauda equina (horse’s tail) consists of the spinal nerve pairs from ___-___, ___ nerves, and ___ nerve

Answer 45

L2-L5, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve

Question 46

The dorsal roots are ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the cell bodies in the ___ root ganglia

Answer 46

Dorsal roots are sensory fibers arising from the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia

Question 47

Ventral roots are the ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the ___ horn of the spinal cord

Answer 47

Ventral roots are the motor fibers arising from the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 48

___ cell bodies are located in the ___ (dorsal/ventral) horn of the spine; they connect ___ and ___ neurons; they are responsible for ___ responses to stimuli

Answer 48

Interneuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal horn of the spine; they connect sensory and motor neurons; they are responsible for reflex responses to stimuli

Question 49

Cervical spinal nerves 1-7 exit from ___ (above/below) their respective vertebral bodies

Answer 49

Exit from above their respective vertebral bodies

Question 50

Cervical spinal nerve 8 exits from ___ (above/below) C7

Answer 50

Below C7

Question 51

Remaining spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord from the same numbered vertebral body—T/F?

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What nerve is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?

Answer 52

Phrenic nerve C3-C5

Question 53

Bilateral phrenic nerve injury will lead to ___

Answer 53

Respiratory failure

Question 54

What nerve is frequently blocked during an interscalene block?

Answer 54

Phrenic nerve

Question 55

The anterior spinal artery arises from ___ arteries and extends to the ___

Answer 55

Arises from vertebral arteries and extends to the conus medullaris

Question 56

Posterior spinal arteries arise from ___ arteries and extend to the ___

Answer 56

Arise from vertebral arteries and extend to the conus medullaris

Question 57

Brachial plexus injuries can arise from improper ___

Answer 57

Improper positioning of the arms (stretch injuries)

Question 58

Ulnar injuries can arise from improper ___

Answer 58

Positioning

Question 59

Abducted arms must have ___ (supinated/pronated) hands

Answer 59

Supinated hands

Question 60

What nerve can be damaged by improper positioning of the legs during surgery?

Answer 60

Common peroneal nerve

Question 61

___ nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and motor innervation to the quad muscles

Answer 61

Femoral nerve

Question 62

Motor innervation to the leg below the knee is provided by the ___ nerve

Answer 62

Sciatic nerve

Question 63

Ascending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/toward) the brain

Answer 63

Carry sensory impulses toward the brain

Question 64

Ascending spinal tracts have first order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

Answer 64

First order neurons that originate in the periphery and terminate in the spinal cord

Question 65

Ascending spinal tracts have second order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

Answer 65

Second order neurons that originate in the spinal cord and terminate in the thalamus

Question 66

Descending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/towards) the brain

Answer 66

Carry sensory impulses away from the brain | It’s just impulses but if you see “sensory impulses” on the test, just roll with it

Question 67

Descending spinal tracts have UPPER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

Answer 67

Originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord

Question 68

Descending spinal tracts have LOWER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate at the ___

Answer 68

Originate in the spinal cord and terminate at the neuromotor junction

Question 69

Baroreceptors are a type of ___receptor

Answer 69

Mechanoreceptor

Question 70

Nociceptors detect ___ and ___ to tissue, either physical or chemical

Answer 70

Detect pain and damage to tissue, either physical or chemical