Exam 1 - Review Guide Flashcards
(80 cards)
Second Temple Period Date
o 516 BC – 70 AD
o When the Second Temple of Jerusalem existed
Babylonian Destruction Date
o 586 BC
Persian Defeat of Babylonia Date
o 539 BC
Persian Rule Dates and Life During Persian Rule
o 539 – 332 BC o The Jews were able to return to their homeland o Cyrus the Great allowed this to happen o Beginning of the Diaspora o New desire to keep the law
Ptolemaic Rule Dates and Life During Ptolemaic Rule
o 320 – 198 BC o Ptolemy I – one of Alexander the Great’s generals o Capital at Alexandria o Judea experienced freedom o Encroachment of Hellenistic Culture
Seleucid Rule Dates and Life During Seleucid Rule
o 198 – 167 BC
o Seleucus I – another general of Alexander the Great
o Jewish religion was persecuted
o The temple was destroyed
Date Pompey the Great Captured Jerusalem
o 63 BC
Date Jerusalem Fell and How It Affected Judaism
o 70 AD
o Worship changed from a temple to a synagogue
Dates of the Maccabean War and What Led to It
o 167 – 141 BC o Hasidim (pious ones); forerunners of the Pharisees o Jewish resistance o Tales of heroism o Open warfare o Mattathias Cleansed and rededicated the temple Origin of the celebration of Hanukkah
Dates of the First Jewish Revolt and What Led to It
o 66 – 70 AD o In protest to Roman rule in Judea o Instigated by the Zealots o Small groups were met with harsh countermeasures o Jerusalem seized and temple destroyed
Dates of the Second Jewish Revolt and What Led to It
o 132 – 135 AD
o Under Emperor Hadrian, Rome wanted to found a Roman colony in Jerusalem, including Pagan worship
o Some Jewish religious practices banned
o Revolt led by Simon bar Kokhbah sought to restore Jewish rule and the temple
Cyrus the Great
o The monarch of the Persian empire
o Allowed the Jews to begin returning to their homeland
Alexander the Great
o Defeated Persian on the Plain of Issus in 333 BC
o Ushers in the Hellenistic Period
o Died suddenly and relatively young
o Many people ruled over parts of his grand empire after his death
Antiochus IV
o Antiochus Epiphanes o Sought to be worshipped o Defeated in Egypt by the Romans o Sought to exterminate Jewish religion o Desecrated the Temple
Mattathias
o A priest
o Father of Judas “Maccabeus”
o One of the founders of Hanukkah
Judas “Maccabeus”
o The Maccabean Revolt
o Cleansed and rededicated the temple
o Helped to found Hanukkah
Pontius Pilate
o Governor of Judea (prefect or procurator)
o Representative of Caesar – from 26 – 36 AD
o Oversaw the trial of Jesus and called for his crucifixion
Vespasian
o He and his son, Titus, led the Roman army against the Jews in the First Jewish Revolt
Titus
i. Conquered Jerusalem in 70 AD when the temple was destroyed
Pompey the Great
o 106 – 48 BC o Conquered Spain, Greece, Africa, and Syria o Rome could not successfully control the Middle East unless it controlled Judea o Aided by the Hasomonian Civil War o Liberated Greek settlements o Entered the Most Holy Place o Leveled the Walls of Jerusalem o Imposed harsh taxes o Conquered Jerusalem for Rome
Josephus
o First-century historian
o A history of the Jewish revolt – History of the Jewish War
o Early Jewish interpretation of Jewish History – the Antiquities of the Jews
o Earliest non-Christian reference to Jesus
Philo
o Greek-speaking Jewish Philosopher
o Lived in the Diaspora
Major Changes in Judaism during the Exile
a. Adoption of Aramaic
b. Diaspora: Jews living outside of Israel
c. Synagogues
d. Rabbis vs. Priests
e. Obedience to Torah vs. Sacrifices
f. Jewish Exclusivity
g. Temple did not retain former glory
h. Messianic Expeditions
i. Second Temple Period (515 BC – 70 AD)
Hellenism in Judea
a. Came as the result of Ptolemaic Rule
b. “Hellenism” – the influence of Greek culture
c. Jerusalem’s priests warned against it
d. Theatres, gymnasiums, clothing styles, customs
e. Cultural tensions
f. Koine Greek was the common language
g. Accepting or warning against
