Exam 1 Short Answers

Question 1

Wanli Emperor

Answer 1

1. wanted to elevate favored concubine but officials refused to allow him. He then refused to do his job
2. Officials stopped being appointed - communities were put on hold
3. gov. was weakening, people became frustrated
4. eunuchs have access to emperor (only group) - became middle men between emperor and officials (abused power, made demands, bribes)
5. officials began withdrawing from their positions and retired to do whatever they wanted

Question 2

Li Zicheng (from Sha anxi province)

Answer 2

1. joined military unit to get by (very humble background)
2. convinces fellow soldiers to rebel after fiscal problems
3. good leader, influential, charismatic
4. marches on capitol, Beijing gates are left open for him (proclaims his own dynasty) -Manchus arrive shortly after
5. Wu Sangui

Question 3

Wu Sangui

Answer 3

1. Ming general, in charge of guarding passes of wall from Manchus
2. Ming emperor commits suicide, bandit takes power
3. Dorgon is willing to negotiate with Wu Sangui
   - Wu Sangui accepts offer and both armies march on Beijing
4. Manchus send him to kill the last known Ming relation, who was held captive by King of Burma
5. Begins rebellion against Qing dynasty because he wants his son to maintain region given to him for his loyalty

Question 4

Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature

Answer 4

1. started by Qianlong
2. collect all great Chinese literary works
3. 3,500 works are included
4. want strict “orthodox” way of thinking (strict interpretation)
5. in weeding out good books, orthodox books (deemed unacceptable) are banned
6. Manchus take out “dog” character bc it could be added to other characters as insult (sensitivity)
7. Reinforces Confucius exam system

Question 5

Canton System

Answer 5

1. Cohong: merchant families allowed to trade with Westerners - manage merchants and goods
2. Western merchants have assigned Cohong merchants
3. Cohong could be bribed, mistreat Westerners (British were not happy with this system)
4. Canton was only port
5. Cohong were punished if Westerners didn’t comply to rules
6. Middleman between Westerners and officials - could only live in Canton 6 months out of the year
7. British began refining opium for Chinese, start war after Lin destroys product -> bye bye Canton System

Question 6

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 6

1. 5 new treaty ports for British access
2. cession of Hong Kong to Britain in perpetuity (base)
3. abolition of Cohong trading monopoly, allowed free trade
4. equality of official correspondence between Br officials and consulates in treaty ports
5. indemnity of $21,000,000 to cover cost of war and value of opium
6. no reference to opium trade - both delegates under orders not to address it
7. unequal treaty, source of tension

Question 7

Zongli Yamen

Answer 7

1. only intended as temp office
2. establishment of foreign affairs office
3. headed by Prince Gong - previously xenophobic
   - noticed importance of diplomacy (Westerners were v. good at following treaties)
   - concludes peace is possible if China follows treaties and treats foreigners well
4. goal: maintain peace as China regains strength
5. Board of Rites previously in charge of foreign affairs, those on board transferred to Yamen
6. encouraged more Western technology
7. centralization of foreign affairs loses success, those outside of the office began making foreign contact
8. Part of self-strengthening movement

Question 8

Sino-Japanese War (Beginnings)

Answer 8

1. Japan sees Korea as opportunity for control, China wants to give Korea more freedom
2. rebellion breaks out, both Japan and China rush in troops to attempt to secure Korean gov.
3. Japan gets there first, secures power over royal family
4. Chinese then expelled
5. War breaks out

Question 9

Sino-Japanese War (The War)

Answer 9

1. Japanese troops defeat Chinese on ground and navy, despite Qing having more powerful navy (tech from westerners)

Question 10

Treaty of Shimoneseki (1895)

Answer 10

1. Korea independent in theory, in reality a protectorate of Japan
2. pay large indemnity
3. open four more treaty ports
4. cede to Japan, in perpetuity, all of Taiwan, the Pescadores, and Liaodong province (was returned - demanded by westerners - feared once one country carves out part of china, nearly everyone will try)
5. example of failure of self-strengthening movement (humiliating)

Question 11

Ti-yong Synthesis

Answer 11

1. combines western and Chinese practices
2. china is beginning to use railways, steam boats, military schools, scientific textbooks, telegraph
3. Ti-yong -> Chinese learning from Westerners
   
   • admits China doesn’t have all the answers
   • confirmed Confucian orthodox but advocated Western ideas (best of both worlds, bitches)
4. Boxers viewed railways negatively
5. “Chinese learning should remain the essence, but Western learning be used for practical development”

Question 12

Kang Youwei

Answer 12

1. re-reads Confucius and re-interprets
2. reads Western scientific articles, believes Confucius can be progressive
   -supported western learning and modernization
3. Supporter of reform and progress
4. still wedded to exam system
5. leaders in the writing of the Reform Memorial, Guangxu Emperor very interested in reform -> Hundred Days
   (Until he was kidnapped by his grandma made mother)

Question 13

Policy of Cohabitation

Answer 13

1. Nurhachi agreed to a Chinese request that Manchus and Chinese would live under one unit
2. led to acts of violence and persecution, Nurhachi was appalled and punished Manchus
3. more economical, element of control (who’s in charge of house?), language barrier
4. Rebellion of 1623: Chinese would poison, burn buildings with Manchus in them, and attempted to cross border
5. Chinese were forbidden from carrying weapons, Manchus were required
6. Hong Taiji (8th son of Nurhachi) is able to gain control after gaining favor of Chinese - created two systems of ruling and judging

Question 14

Queue Policy

Answer 14

1. final edict of Dorgon
2. had to wear hair certain way
3. to refuse was punishable by death
4. reinforced control over population
5. symbolized resistance to new government

Question 15

Stable Rule

Answer 15

1. 3 rulers in 130yrs
2. popular support
3. experience
4. smooth transitions
5. less changes (no radical alteration)
6. 1700s
7. secure borders
8. integrated lifestyles

Question 16

Macartney Mission

Answer 16

1. visited to congratulate birthday
2. trade treaty
3. resident minister
4. additional ports
5. permanent base
6. emperor respectfully declined
7. Amherst sent with same request, treated very rudely

Question 17

Lin Zexu

Answer 17

1. Sent to stop trade without starting war
2. makes many attempts to prevent smoking
3. westerners believed he could be bought, offered him 1,000 crates of opium
4. lin takes this as an insult, expelled Westerners, made all chinese leave city, played bongs all day and night (psychological pressure)
5. westerners gave up units of opium and blockade was lifted
6. destroyed active ingredients of opium, cost british a hula of money (confiscated british property without compensation)
7. hello war

Question 18

Treaty of Tianjin

Answer 18

1. GB, Fr, Russia, and US would have right to station legations in Beijing
2. Eleven more Chinese ports opened for foreign trade
3. foreign ships could travel on the Yangtze River
4. Foreigners could travel into inner China for travel, trade, or missionary purposes
5. religious liberty to all christians

Question 19

Prince Gong

Answer 19

1. established the Zongli Yamen

2. brought on the self-strengthening movement

Question 20

Dynastic Cycle

Answer 20

1. Problems arise: natural disasters, famine, invasions, armed bandits, peasant revolts
2. The New Dynasty: restore peace, appoint loyal officials, redistribute land to peasants, rebuild infrastructure
3. New dynasty claims mandate of heaven
4. New Dynasty becomes Aging dynasty
5. Aging Dynasty: neglects gov. duties, ignores corrupt officials, loses support, decay, high taxes to pay for luxuries