Exam 1 Sociology

Question 1

Ethnocentrism

Answer 1

Judgement of culture

Question 2

Cultural Leveling

Answer 2

the ‘McDonaldization of Society” – more sectors of society are adopting the principles of fast-food restaurants – also seen as the Americanization of culture

Question 3

August Comte

Answer 3

Father of sociology Sociology was divided into two distinct parts. Social Statics – the study of socio-political systems relative to their existing level of civilization.
Social dynamics – the study of the three stages of historical thought processes - theology, metaphysical, positivism with positivism being the higher of the three. The inevitable result would be positivism.

Question 4

Herbert Spencer

Answer 4

“Social Darwinism“
– society is always
evolving, becoming more complex = progress so “hands-off” approach to social change. Sociology should be “pure” science
Developed the idea of the right of the individual and noninterference on the part of the state.
But which individuals??

Question 5

Martineau

Answer 5

– society is alway the first to write about the use of 
scientific perspective as a research method – also among the first to advocate equality and expose stratification and inequality for women – a combination of both “public sociology” and “pure “ science s

Question 6

Functionalism

Answer 6

evolving, becoming more complex = progres too much change or too rapid change causes problems because the system is delicate.

society is an independent entity, greater than the individuals who compose it. s so “hands-off” approach to social change. Sociology should be “pure” science

Question 7

Talcott Parsons

Answer 7

society = social system
structures / functions
Our job is to understand how groups and individuals adapt to the structure and how structures change
e.g., institutions like family, the economy, religion, education

Question 8

Conflict Theorists

Answer 8

Conflict theorists want to know who benefits and who loses from the structural arrangements that we take for granted (laws, policies, institutions)
Karl Marx – A founder of Conflict Theory

Question 9

Conflict Theory

Answer 9

1 - society does not have its own needs - groups of people do and they compete
2 - society can be seen as split into relative or absolute
“haves” and “have-nots”
(super-ordinate and subordinate)
3 - conflict is inevitable over resources and is the key to human history

Question 10

Max Weber

Answer 10

“both conflict and order are derived from social power””

Question 11

3 types of power – traditional

Answer 11

charismatic

Question 12

Wealth

Answer 12

Power

Question 13

Conspicuous Consumption

Answer 13

Was no longer good enough to have economic success but now we have to flaunt it so that others recognize our success and provide us with social respect.

Question 14

Social Interactionism

Answer 14

Interacting with symbols allow communication
(language is our most important symbol) but it comes in other forms too…. Tone of voice, facial gestures, posture, body language….

Role-taking is how we develop

Question 15

Sociology

Answer 15

Begins with……..
We are shaped by the groups to which we belong and the social interaction that takes place within and among groups.
A social scientific approach because …… “Systematic Study of human behavior” and the ways in which people are affected by, and affect the world around them….
But why is it more accurate than common sense?
We take a step back, apply both theory and research to look at human behavior in a group context.
Structural Forces – such as globalization, consumption, technology

Question 16

Netnography

Answer 16

internet

Question 17

Folkways

Answer 17

Folkways – informal – violation is minimal

Texting in class? Airplane Travel?

Question 18

Mores

Answer 18

Mores – moral component – violation might be severe
Smartphones and cheating?
Laws – formalized and enforced

Question 19

Taboos

Answer 19

Taboos – most important – violation causes repulsion

Question 20

Tempocentrism

Answer 20

Judgement of a time period

Question 21

Relavatism

Answer 21

appreciation as equally valid

Relativist Fallacy

Question 22

Cultural Capital

Answer 22

habits, tastes, mannerisms used to distinguish class location – High cultural knowledge converts to social and economic advantage
Knowing how to dress for success
How to comport oneself in accordance with elite status
Table manners, knowledge of wine, arty chit-chat

Question 23

DEB Dubois

Answer 23

looks at race relations specifically
got so frustrated with the process that he ended up leaving
he brought to knowledge that economic conditions led to slavery but even after slavery was abolished we had the “jim crow” era and “black codes” so therefore discrimnation was based on more than just economics. conflict comes in many forms

Question 24

Sociological Imagination

Answer 24

if a person can see the impact of social structure on individuals than he or shows

Question 25

Manifest Functions

Answer 25

are intended consequences and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit

Question 26

anomie

Answer 26

Durkheim observed that rapid social change can lead to a breakdown of norm and sense of belonging. this created an increase in

Question 27

Chicago Hull House

Answer 27

Jane adams contribution to applied sociology came through her social reform efforts when she established

Question 28

dysfunctions

Answer 28

are undesirable consequences of any element of society

Question 29

emphasized the importance of division of labor

Answer 29

Talcott Parsons

Question 30

Latent Function

Answer 30

meeting your partner in high school

Question 31

The Civil rights acts of 1964 and `968 were fought for equality and between races this is an example of

Answer 31

Identity Element

Question 32

Perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities are an example of what of education

Answer 32

dysfunction/conflict

Question 33

the idea that societies evolve and that progress means the strong survive and weak lose out is typical of the thinking of

Answer 33

Herbert Spencer

Question 34

who proposed that social structures have very different consequences for different groups also worked on a theory of violence

Answer 34

Merton

Question 35

Sapir Whorf

Answer 35

language shapes the ways in which people perceive the world

Question 36

one concern of accepting all cultural practices as equally valid is that it can sometimes lead to

Answer 36

Relativist Fallacy