Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 2 > Exam 1 - Special Senses > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a diopter?

A

1 meter/focal length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do we express a convex lens vs a concave lens?

A 
convex = + diopters
concave = - diopters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the greatest bend of light?

A

between air (1) & cornea (1.38)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do we increase refractive power?

A

Make it more convex. This is useful in seeing smaller/closer things (eyes roll in and pupils contract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Loss of elasticity of lens with age (decreaing accommodation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stimulation of what division of the ANS will increase refractive power of the lens?

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: Ability to increase refractive power remains consistent through our life.

A

False!

Decreases as we age!
Age 10 = 14
Age 50 = 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A

An irregularly shaped cornea (more common) or lens (less common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Normal vision but ciliary muscle is relaxed in distant vision (instead of contracted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In distant vision, what error of refraction can be compensated for by contraction of the ciliary muscle?

A

hyperopia - focal point behind retina (farsighted)

Need convex lens to correct (globe short/lens weak)

p.s. globe = eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is myopia?

A

Focal point in front of retina (nearsighted)

Need concave lens to correct (globe long or lens strong)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the dioptic power of a convex lens with a focal length of 0.1 meters?

A

+10 diopters

diopter = 1m/focal length; convex is +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the dioptic power of a concave lens with a focal length of .1 meters?

A

-10 diopters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the area of greatest visual acuity?

A

Fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: All retinal cells generate action potentials.

A

False - only ganglion cells generate action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

binocular vision (requires 2 eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is relative size?

A

The closer an object is, the larger it appears (learned from past experience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

As the head moves, objects closer move across the visual field at a greater rate. This describes what type of depth perception?

A

Moving Parallax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When light strikes a rod or a cone it ____ and neurotransmitters ____.

A

Hyperpolarizes; NTs decrease (less glutamate)

in photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the dark, rods and cones _____ and neurotransmitters _____.

A

Depolarize; NTs increase (more glutamate)

in photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of a bipolar cell?

A

They connect photoreceptors to either ganglion cells or amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cells?

A

ON - hyperpolarized by NT glutamate (invaginating)

OFF - depolarized by NT glutamate (flat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which ganglion cells are important in color vision?

A

P (X)

Majority of all ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major features of P(X) cells? (input/response/receptor field/projection)

A

Input = bipolar
Rec. Field = Small
Response = slow adapting
Projection = Parvo of LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the major features and function of M(Y) cells? (input/response/receptor field/projection)

A 
Function = B&W: movement
Input: Amacrine
Rec. Field = Large
Response = Fast adapting
Projection = Magno (LGN)

Minority of all ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major characteristics of W ganglion cells?

A
  1. Smallest/slowest
  2. 40% of ganglion cells
  3. Broad receptive fields (most input from rods, helps with vision in dim light)
  4. Detect directional movement
  5. Act as light intensity detectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What cells may be responsible for center-surround antagonism?

A

Horizontal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which cells receive input from bipolar cells and project to ganglion cells?

A

Amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What neurotransmitters do amacrine cells release?

A

GABA, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a loss of red cones?

A

Protanope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a loss of green cones?

A

Deuteranope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the functions of the superior colliculus pathway?

A
  • Orienting reactions

- Rapid directional movement of both eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the functions of the Pretectal Nuclei?

A

Reflex movement of the eyes - focus on objects of importance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the functions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Biologic clock fxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When is involuntary fixation mostly lost?

A

When the superior colliculus is destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What controls voluntary fixation?

A

The cortical field bilaterally in premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What causes mydriasis?

A

Sympathetic stimulation (increased pupil size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What causes miosis?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation (decreased pupil size)

39
Q

What are symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A
  • Constricted pupil to unaffected eye
  • Dilated blood vessels
  • Lack of sweating on affected side of face
  • Drooping of eyelid

(interruption of SNS supply to an eye)

40
Q

Which extraoccular eye muscles adduct the eye when elevating/depressing?

A

The obliques - superior lowers the eye when adducted, inferior raises the eye when adducted

41
Q

Which extraoccular eye muscles abduct the eye when elevating/depressing?

A

Superior & Inferior rectus

42
Q

Which muscles work together to produce lateral eye movements?

A

Medial rectus of one eye + lateral rectus of another eye

43
Q

A lesion of the VI CN on the right would lead to…?

A

Double vision when the subject looks to the right

44
Q

What level of decibels does normal conversation occur?

A

60 dB

45
Q

What is the threshold of pain?

A

160 dB

46
Q

What is the greatest acuity for sound in adults?

A

1000-4000 Hz

47
Q

What frequency of sound is most likely heard by the human ear at 30dB?

A

1000 Hz

48
Q

What is impedence matching?

A

change in resistance between sound waves in air and sound vibrations generated in the cochlear fluid

49
Q

What is impedence matching a function of?

A

Ossicular System

  • Reduces amplitude
  • Increases pressure against oval window
50
Q

This muscle of the ossicles slows down transmission by pulling the stapes outward.

A

Stapedius Muscle

51
Q

This muscle of the ossicles enhances transmission by pulling the malleous inward.

A

Tensor Tympani

52
Q

If the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles work together, how is transmission affected?

A

Transmission slows down - activated by loud sound and speech

53
Q

What is attenuation of sound and how does it affect the cochlea?

A

CNS reflex (contraction of ossicle muscles) activated by loud sounds; protects cochlea from loud environment/low frequency sounds

54
Q

Which chamber(s) of the cochlea is filled with perilymph?

A

Scali Vestibuli and Scali Tympani

55
Q

Which chamber of the cochlea does not have a window?

A

Scali media

56
Q

What window is associated with scali vestibuli?

A

Oval window

57
Q

What separates Scali media from Scali vestibuli?

A

Reissner’s membrane

58
Q

What separates scali media from scali tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

59
Q

What chamber of the cochlea is enriched with K+ ions?

A

Scali media

60
Q

Which chamber is associated with the round window?

A

Scali tympani

61
Q

Where is endolymph present?

A

Scali media (bathes top of hair cells)

62
Q

When would you say “you’re making my basilar membrane bounce too much!!”?

A

If someone was being loud, because you are a nerd.

63
Q

What is the Place Principle?

A

Different sound frequencies displace different areas of the basilar membrane

64
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

Change mechanical vibrations in fluid into action potentials in the VIII CN

65
Q

Which hair cells respond best to higher frequencies?

A

short & thick hair cells near oval window (base)

66
Q

Which hair cells respond best to lower frequencies?

A

long & slender hair cells near helicotrema (apex)

67
Q

How does the cochlea behave like a Fourier analyser?

A

Acts as an auditory prism (sorts out vibrations of different frequencies into different positions along the membrane

68
Q

Neurons in the anterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond best to what audible frequency sounds?

A

Low

69
Q

Neurons in the posterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond best to what audible frequency sounds?

A

High

70
Q

What are the major parts of the auditory pathway?

A 
Cochlear Nucleus
Superior Olivary Nucleus
Nucleus of Lateral Lemniscus
Inferior Colliculus
Medial geniculate
Primary Auditory Cortex
71
Q

Glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, would have what taste?

A

Sweet

72
Q

What taste is caused by ionized salts?

A

Salt

73
Q

What taste is caused by acids (H ion concentration)?

A

Sour

74
Q

What taste receptor responds to amino acids?

A

umami/savory

75
Q

What taste is caused by long chain organic compounds with N/ alkaloids?

A

Bitter (caffeine, nicotine, etc)

76
Q

What cranial N is associated with taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

VII - lingual n. to chorda tympani to facial (fuckin’ right)

77
Q

What CN is associated with taste in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX (petrosal ganglion)

78
Q

What CN is associated with the base of the tongue/palate?

A

CN X

79
Q

What are the G protein linked taste receptors?

A

Sweet, bitter, umami

80
Q

What is Jacobson’s organ?

A

Vomeronasal organ

81
Q

What is the function of olfactory cells?

A
  • Bipolar nerve cells that project hairs in mucous in nasal cavity
  • Stimulated by odorants
  • Connect to olfactory bulb via cribiform plate
82
Q

What is the fxn of cells that make up Bowman’s glands?

A

Secrete mucus

83
Q

What is the fxn of sustentacular cells?

A

Supporting cells (derp)

84
Q

What are the three characteristics of oderants?

A
  1. Volatile
  2. Slightly water soluble (for mucus)
  3. Slightly lipid soluble (for membrane of cilia)
85
Q

As an olfactory cell is stimulated with an odorant, what prolongs depolarization?

A

Efflux of Cl-

86
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Odor blindness

87
Q

Where is the glomerulus located and what is its function?

A

Location: olfactory bulb
Function: connects olfactory cell axons with dendrites of mitral and tufted cells
-receives axons from olfactory cells
-receives dendrites from large mitral cells, smaller tufted cells

88
Q

What inhibits cells of the olfactory tract?

A

Granule Cells

89
Q

Which cells send axons into the CNS via olfactory tract?

A

mitral and tufted cells (both continually active)

90
Q

Which cells receive input from centrifugal nerve fibers and may aid in localization of smell?

A

Granule cells

91
Q

What are inhibitory cells between glomerulus?

A

Periglomerular cells

92
Q

T/F: Olfactory fibers can directly penetrate into the limbic system.

A

True! Human odors can evoke recollection of past experience/mood/emotion.

93
Q

What is located in the lateral olfactory area?

A

Prepyriform & pyriform cortex - only sensory pathway to cortex that doesn’t relay via thalamus

94
Q

What is the function of the Lateral olfactory area?

A

Learned control/aversion

Physiology 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions