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Human Sexuality > Exam 1 Study Deck > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Deck Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Sex

A

Anatomic sex of male or female
Anatomic structures
Behaviors
Feelings and desires

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2
Q

Human sexuality

A

Our experiences and our expressions of ourselves as sexual beings, which are affected by our culture

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3
Q

Physiology of arousal and response

A

Biology

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4
Q

STIs, reproduction, and sexual dysfunction

A

Medical Science

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5
Q

Formation of sexual behavior and attitudes

A

Psychology

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6
Q

Relations between sexuality and demographic categories (race, religion, SES, etc.)

A

Sociology

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7
Q

Cultural differences and similarities

A

Anthropology

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8
Q

Asceticism

A

Self-denial of desires

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9
Q

Ancient Hebrews

A

The Ancient Hebrews
- Emphasized procreative function of sex
- “Be fruitful and multiply”
- Same-sex sexual relations were strongly condemned
- Sex strengthened marriage and solidified family
- Wealthy leaders could have multiple wives
- Women considered property of men
- Adultery was not allowed, at least for women.

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10
Q

The Ancient Greeks (500 BCE to 300 BCE)

A

Valued family life
Admired male body of muscle and health
Gods viewed as sexually adventurous
Viewed men and women as bisexual
Male-male sex was considered normal as long as it did not interfere with the family
Pederasty was condoned as long as the boy was not prepubescent
Prostitution was very popular
Courtesans and concubines
Women held low social status

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11
Q

Islam

A

Values marriage and sexual fulfillment in marriage only
Premarital sex and adultery condemned
Only men may allowed more than one spouse
Social interactions between men and women restricted

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12
Q

India

A

Hinduism views sex as a religious duty
Sexual fulfillment can lead to reincarnation at a higher level
Kama Sutra written between 200 and 400 CE
Became more restrictive after 1000 CE

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13
Q

Taoism (China)

A

Sex is a form of worship that leads to harmony with nature, as well as immortality
Sex manual came into use about 200 BCE
Intercourse was extended and women’s orgasm mattered
Female, not male, masturbation accepted
Same-sex relations not prohibited

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14
Q

Beginnings of the Scientific Study of Sexuality

A

Began during the Victorian Era
Sexologists gained credence
Havelock Ellis’ “encyclopedia”
Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s case studies
Sigmund Freud’s theory
Alfred Kinsey’s surveys

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15
Q

Learning theories

A

behaviorists and social cognitive theory

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16
Q

Behaviorists

A

Focus on the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior

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17
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Learn by observation and reinforcement

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18
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

Emphasizes cognitive activity
- Problem solving
- Decision making
- Expectations
- Attitudes and beliefs

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19
Q

An _________ approach is used to study human sexuality

A

empirical

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20
Q

Scientific Method

A
  • Formulate a research question
  • Frame in form of a hypothesis
  • Test the hypothesis
  • Draw conclusions
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21
Q

Goals of the Science of Human Sexuality

A

Describe, predict, explain, control

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22
Q

Stratified random sample

A

Represents subgroups in population proportionately

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23
Q

Case Study

A

Carefully drawn, in-depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and historical records

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24
Q

The Kinsey Reports

Study These Flashcards
A
  • In USA, from 1938-1948, 5,300 males and 5,940 females
  • Used group sampling
  • Minorities underrepresented
  • Confidentiality was assured
  • Reliability was checked
  • Validity hard to establish
25
National Survey of Adolescents and Young Adults
- Attempted a nationally representative sample of 13-24 year olds - Purposefully over-sampled ethnic minorities - Had a 55% response rate
26
National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG)
- Conducted by the CDC to assess public health concerns - Provides accurate view of general US population
27
Magazine surveys
- Large numbers of respondents - Only self-selected readers
28
Ethnographic Observation
- Anthropologists engage in ethnographic research - Provides data about customs and behaviors that occur among various ethnic groups - Researcher’s presence may influence behaviors
29
Participant Observation
Investigators collect data by interacting with the subjects under study
30
Masters and Johnson
Among first to report observations on individuals and couples involved in sex acts Methods and instruments offered first reliable data on what happens to the body during sexual response Confounding factor from knowing you are being observed Used penile strain gauge and vaginal plethysmograph to measure vasocongestion and myotonia
31
Ethics in Sex research
-Exposing participants to harm -Confidentiality -Informed consent - Use of deception
32
Clitoris
Shaft Body of clitoris, approximately 1 inch long and ¼ inch wide Consists of corpora cavernosa, spongy tissue that becomes engorged from sexual stimulation Prepuce Fold of skin (hood) covering clitoral shaft and glans Glans Extremely sensitive tip of clitoris Indirect stimulation usually preferred
33
External Sex organs
Vestibule “Entranceway” within the labia minora that contains the openings to the vagina and urethra Urethral Opening The opening through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body Its proximity to external sex organs can pose hygienic problems for sexually active women Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder
34
Crura
Attach clitoris to pubic bone
35
Vestibular bulbs
Cavernous structures extending downward along sides of introitus
36
three layers of vagina
Inner lining (vaginal mucosa) Middle layer (muscular) Outer (deeper) layer connects vagina to other pelvic structures
37
Cervix
- Lower end of the uterus -Os - Opening in the middle of the cervix - About the width of a straw - Allows passage of menstrual blood and sperm - Expands to permit passage of baby (10 cm)
38
Proliferative phase
First phase Begins with end of menstruation, lasts 9 or 10 days Endometrium proliferates Follicles develop and prepare for ovulation Estrogen increases Endometrium thickens Stimulates thin cervical mucus production Eggs ripen
39
Ovulatory Phase
Second phase, in which ovulation occurs Follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum If two are released, fraternal twins could develop Basal body temperature dips slightly Some women experience mittelschmerz
40
Secretory Phase (postovulatory or luteal)
- Third phase, uterus prepares for implantation - Corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone and estrogen - Prompts secretion of nutrients to sustain implanted ovum - If no implantation, levels of LH and FSH dramatically decline - Corpus luteum decomposes Estrogen and progesterone levels dramatically decline
41
Menstrual Phase
Fourth phase Hormone levels decline endometrium disintegrates and shed Menstrual flow contains blood, endometrial tissue, and mucous Tampons now more popular than napkins or pads Low estrogen results in release of FSH, cycle starts again
42
Climacteric
- Long-term decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries
43
Symptoms resulting from estrogen loss
Night sweats, hot flashes, hot flushes Dizziness, headaches, joint pain Decreased vaginal lubrication Osteoporosis
44
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
A diagnosis used by the American Psychiatric Association to describe cases of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in mood and impaired functioning at work or school or in social relationships
45
Range in size of penis
Flaccid – 3.6 inches Erect – 5.16 inches
46
Vasectomy
Sterilization procedure in which the vas deferens is severed Prevents sperm from reaching the ejaculatory duct
47
Cowper’s Glands
Lies below the prostrate Secretes clear, slippery fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal Secretion may reduce male acidity and also lubricate passageway for sperm Not enough produced to lubricate the vagina during intercourse Also known as the bulbourethral glands
48
Cancer of the Prostate Diagnoses and Screening
Digital rectal exam (DRE) Prostate-specific antigen (PSE) ACS recommends testing starting at age 50 Some concern about overdiagnosis and overtreatment Early diagnosis can provide treatment before spreading
49
Peyronie’s Disease
Excessive curvature that makes erections painful
50
Priapism
Erections that persist for hours Causes include leukemia, sickle cell disease, diseases of the spinal cord Dangerous due to lack of oxygen to penile tissue
51
Ejaculation Occurs in two stages
Emission phase Involves contractions of prostate, seminal vesicles, and upper part of vas deferens (ampulla) Fluid is propelled into the urethral tract Expulsion Phase Muscles at base of penis and elsewhere contract, forcing out semen Generally accompanied by pleasure
52
Retrograde Ejaculation
Ejaculate empties into the bladder Sphincter actions are reversed Results in dry orgasm Can result in infertility, but otherwise harmless
53
Sox 9 regulates
expression of SRY
54
Cryptorchidism
The condition defined by testes that fail to descend
55
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Most common form of female intersexualism Genetic female has female internal sexual structures but masculinized external genitals Due to exposure to excessive levels of androgens Girls with CAH exhibit more interest in masculine-typed behaviors Results may support a hormonal contribution to gender identity
56
Dominican Republic syndrome
A genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia Raised as females At puberty, testosterone levels become normal Voices deepened, musculature filled out, “clitorises” expanded into penises Most shift to male gender identity
57
Evolutionary perspective of Gender
Genes that contribute to survival are passed on Genetic heritage influences social and sexual behavior Traditional roles are passed on through genes Controversial perspective
58

Human Sexuality (12 decks)

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