Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
The most important advantage of transmission electron microscope (TEM) over light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.
A
True
2
Q
If a cell doubled in diameter, it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain.
A
False
3
Q
In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF.
A
False
4
Q
A cell’s second messengers serve to transport material through the plasma membrane
A
False
5
Q
Microvilli and cilia differ in their function but have the same internal structure.
A
False
5
Q
Ligand-gated channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical.
A
True
5
Q
The greater the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.
A
True
6
Q
The Na+-K+ ATPase is a countertransport antiport carrier, which always requires energy.
A
True
7
Q
The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier.
A
False
8
Q
One example of pinocytosis is the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endothelial cells.
A
False
9
Q
Both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by two layers of unit membrane.
A
True
10
Q
The nucleus is the largest organelle in most cells.
A
True
11
Q
Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
A
True
12
Q
The Golgi complex makes peroxisomes but not lysosomes.
A
False
13
Q
A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion.
A
True
14
Q
All of the generalizations below constitute the modern cell theory
except
A. an organism’s structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells.
B. all cells come only from preexisting cells.
C. all cells occupy space.
D. all organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
E. the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
A
c. all cells occupy space
15
Q
________ cells are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end.
A
e. Fusiform
16
Q
Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can be?
A
d. The relationship between its length and surface area
17
Q
The fluid outside of a cell is called.
A
c. Extracellular fluid
18
Q
The flat shape cells found covering the skin are
A
d. Squamous
19
Q
Although the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of
A
d. Producing higher resolution
20
Q
___ are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane
A
b. Phospholipids
21
Q
__ are membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate.
A
a. Receptors
22
Q
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. That is to say, the receptor exhibits
A
b. Specificity
23
In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called ______, whose job is to regulate
other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.
c. Kinases
24
Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are _________
d. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
25
Gates respond to all these stimuli except
e. Water in the extracellular fluid
26
___ act like identification tags in the glycocalyx that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells
a. Glycoproteins
27
______ provide mobility to a cell, ______ act as sensory "antenna" in many cells, and ________ increase a cell's surface area
e. Flagella, cilia, microvilli
28
Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has
c. Microvilli
29
___ consume ATP when transferring solutes from one side to the other side of the plasma membrane
b. Pumps
30
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then,
d. Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
31
____ is the process in which ____ forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
32
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called _____
b. Osmosis; aquaphorins
33
Insulin is taken up by endocytosis by endothelial cells lining capillaries, and then transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called
e. Transcytosis
34
Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________
a. Symport; contransport
35
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ___________.
a. Up; active transport
36
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to _____________.
c. Higher; shrink
37
Facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common that both
e. Are cases of carrier mediated transport
38
_____ describes the number of particles of a solute in a solution, whereas ______ is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell.
c. Osmolarity; tonicity
39
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
e. Active transport
40
Particles can leave a cell by any of these means except by
e. Pinocytosis
41
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
a. Phagocytosis
42
The Na+-K+ pump has the following functions except
b. Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell
43
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about _________ NaCl
b. Isotonic; 0.9%
44
Which of these is an example of active transport?
d. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
45
Which of these bring nonspecific material into a cell?
d. Pinocytosis
46
These are all membranous organelles
except
b. Ribosomes
47
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized in detoxifying frugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of
b. Smooth endoplastic reticulum
48
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
d. Protein synthesis
49
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?
d. Lysosome
50
Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP
c. Mitochondria
51
This organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells.
a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
52
______ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of _______.
d. Centrioles; microtubes
53
___________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________.
b. The golgi complex, rough ER
54
_____ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.
d. Peroxisomes
55
_______ is not involved in protein synthesis.
a. Smooth ER
56
__________ gives structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through the cell.
e. The cytoskeleton
57
Listening to the natural sounds the body makes such as heart and lung sounds
Auscultation
58
Sounds from tapping on the body. Example : when a doctor taps your knee and listens to the reflex.
Percussion
59
Feeling the sounds the body makes. Example : taking pulse, palpating a swollen lymph node
Palpation
60
Structures in the body we don’t need / use anymore as humans evolve. Example : the appendix - can be removed from humans now
Vestigial Organs / Structures
61
Chemical reactions in the body. Hint : digesting food.
Metabolism
62
Regulating the body to its normal set point Example : going on a run and cooling down, problem if the body is still running a fever / abnormal
Homeostasis
63
The study of organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. 4 categories : Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Compounds
64
Consist of particles of matter called solute that mix with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent. Solute can be gas, solid, or liquid. Must be small, don’t separate, pass through cell membrane.
Solutions
65
Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans
Minerals
66
Energy storing decomposition reaction (exergonic)
Catabolic Reaction
67
Energy releasing synthesis reaction (endergonic)
Anabolism
68
How living cells form polymers. A hydroxyl (OH) is removed from one monomer and hydrogen (H) from another - makes water once evaporated.
Dehydration Synthesis
69
A water molecule ionizing into (OH) and (H). OH is added to one monomer and H is added to the other
Hydrolysis
70
Mutations : changes in genetic structure
Evolution
71
Varieties of an element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass
Isotope
72
Surface film on surface water due to molecules being held together by a force called ___
Surface tension
73
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy, molecule is reduced when accepting electrons
Reductive
74
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy, molecule is oxidized in this process
Oxidation
75
Major component in cell membrane, assists in fat digestion
Phospholipids
76
Cell that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Amphiphilic
77
Polymers of nucleotides. RNA and DNA are this ___
Nucleic Acid
78
Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)
Polymers
79
Made up of nitrogen base (single or double carbon - nitrogen ring), sugar and one or more phosphate groups. ATP is the best known ___ (adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (sugar), phosphate group (3)
Nucleotides
80
Carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport)
Symport
81
Carries two of more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport). Sodium potassium pump brings in K and removes Na from cell
Antiport
82
____ is the structure (heart shape)
Anatomy
83
____ is the function (hearing with your ears)
Physiology
84
If one fails so will the other, they rely on each other but they are not the same thing
Anatomy and physiology
85
Sudden changes to the body, blood clotting, giving birth and the cervix changes - often dangerous
Positive feedback
86
Knowing something in your body is wrong, being able to detect change, and adapt to it
Negative feedback
87
The powerhouse of the cell
Extracts energy and transfers it to ATP
Detoxify ammonia
Convert amino acids to glucose
Mitochondria
88
Largest organelle, only one clearly visible with a light microscope
Contains cells chromosomes, is the genetic control center of cellular activity
Most cells have a nucleus, a few don’t (mature red blood cells)
Nucleus
89
Makes proteins from RNA
Ribosome
90
Makes proteins, little network in the cytoplasm
Rough ER
91
Makes steroids, little network in the cytoplasm
Smooth ER
92
Gives the cell structure
Cytoskeleton
93
Hairlike processes 7-10 um long
“Antenna” for monitoring nearby conditions, sensory in inner ear, retina, nasal cavity and kidney
Function still a mystery in some cases
Cilia
94
Extensions of the cell membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area
Best developed in absorption areas such as kidneys and intestines
Microvilli
95
Tail of sperm
Flagella
96
Develops lysosomes, synthesize proteins for ER, adds carbs
Golgi Apparatus / Complex
97
Cell death, autophagy / autolysis, kills cells at end of cell life or transfers / transforms them
Lysosomes
98
Similar to lysosomes, made with hydrogen peroxide, takes out toxins (alcohol, drugs, etc)
Peroxisomes
99
Fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane
Thick sticky material that allows things not to move around, all organelles are inside
Cytoplasm
100
Surrounds cell, protects what is inside, defines boundaries, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another
Separates cell from body, protects what’s inside
Plasma membrane
101
Substances that dissolve in water
Hydrophilic
102
Substances that don't dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
103
Contribute to glycocalyx
Glycoproteins
104
Coat cell membrane with carbs so it recognizes cells
Stiffen the cell membrane so it doesn’t fall apart
Anchored to cytoskeleton or drift freely in phospholipid film
Glycolipids
105
Adhere to one face of the membrane
Tethered to the cytoskeleton
Peripheral proteins
106
Know their function within the body
Know how a protein structure is determined
Proteins
107
In plasma membrane
Source of energy
1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
Often built from sacchar or ose meaning sugar or sweet (Monosaccharide or gluclose)
Carbohydrates
108
In plasma membrane
Hydrophobic organic molecule
Store energy, insulation and shock absorption
Important for muscles
Lipids
109
5 types of lipids in humans
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
110
Three fatty aids bonded to three carbon alcohol called glycerol
Each bond formed by dehydration synthesis
Broken down by hydrolysis
Liquid (oils) Solid (fats)
Triglycerides
111
Cell communication via chemical signals
Surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell
Bind hormones and neurotransmitters
Receptors
112
Major scientist who made it possible to study biology?
Robert Hooke
113
Proteins that function as biological proteins
All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions
Every substrate looks for substrate to male an activation site
Example : my key only works for my front door
How enzymes work
114
High resolution microscope, dead and dried specimens seen using electron beams
Transmission Electron Microscope
115
Microscope reveals plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
Light Microscope
116
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen (98.5% of body weight)
Essential Elements
117
12 elements only 0.7% of the body weight
Trace Elements
118
Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
Element
119
4 Covalent Bonds
Single covalent bond - one pair of electrons shared
Double covalent bond - two pairs of electrons shared
Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds - strongest of chemical bonds
Nonpolar (electrons shared equally)
Polar (electrons shared unequally)
120
Relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation
Ionic Bond
121
Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
Hydrogen Bond
122
Weak brief interactions between neutral atoms
Van Der Waals
123
The study of compounds containing carbon
Must have one carbon and one hydrogen
Organic Chemistry
124
Four categories of carbon compounds
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids
125
Study of carbon and hydrogen don’t bond
Inorganic Chemistry
126
Normal blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
127
pH lower than 7
Acidic
128
pH higher than 7
Alkaline
129
pH of 7
Neutral
130
Central carbon with three attachments
Amino Acids
131
20 amino acids used to make proteins identical except for radical ® group
Properties of amino acids determined by R group
R Group
132
Contain C=C bonds without hydrogen (liquid at room temp)
Unsaturated fats
133
Carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen (solid at room temp)
Saturated fats
134
Must be releasing energy, force things to leave or stay, they want it, they take it
Active transport (vesicular transport, exocytosis, endocytosis)
135
Let things happen to you naturally (filtration, diffusion, osmosis) - split evenly
Passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis)
136
Processes that move large particles, fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles
Vesicular transport
137
Discharging material from the cell
Exocytosis
138
Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell
Endocytosis
139
The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Simple diffusion
140
Carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
141
Process by which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
142
Flow of water from one side of selectively permeable membrane to the other
Osmosis
143
Move everything but water
Concentration of substance differs from one point to another
Concentration Gradient
144
Swell (absorb water) Hint : Hippo (fat)
Hypotonic
145
Skinny (lose water) Hint : hyper people are active
Hypertonic
146
Stay the same (maintain water)
Isotonic
147
The cells life cycle that extends from one division to the next
Cell cycle
148
Mitosis / cell cycle phases
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
149
Cell lives here for 90% of life
Interphase
150
Chromosomes shorten and thicken, coil into compact rods
DNA twists / bonds
Prophase
151
Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator
X’s go to middle of cell
Metaphase
152
Activation of enzyme that cleaves to sister chromatids apart at centromere
String X’s (chromosome) break to V’s
Anaphase
153
Chromatids cluster on each side of cell
Cell splits down middle
Telophase
154
The division of cytoplasm into two cells
Cytokineses
155
What your genes say is gonna happen to you / all the genes in your body
Genotype
156
What actually happens physically to you on your genes
Phenotype
157
Levels of organization
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
The Human Organism
158
What structures combine to make other structures
Organism composed of organ systems
Organ system composed of organs
Organs composed of tissues
Tissues composed of cells
Cells composed of organelles
Organelles composed of molecules
159
Stiffens the cell membrane so it doesn't fall apart
20% of membrane lipids
Cholesterol
160
Single (+) charge, mass = 1 atomic mass unit
Protons
161
No charge, mass = 1 amu
Neutrons
162
Single negative charge, very low mass
In concentric cloud that surround the nucleus
Electrons
163
___ determine the chemical properties of an atom
Electrons
164
Atom is electrically neutral because of the number of ___ is equal to the number of ___
Electrons, protons
165
Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge)
Anion
166
Atom that loses an electron (net a positive charge)
Cation
167
Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms (AB + CD - ABCD - AC + BD)
Exchange Reaction
168
Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one (A + B - AB)
Synthesis Reaction
169
Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (AB - A + B)
Decomposition
170
All classes of sugar (carbohydrates)
Examples : glucose, galactose, fructose
Monosaccharide
171
Sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides
Example : Sucrose - table sugar (glucose and fructose) Lactose - sugar in milk (lactose and galactose) Maltose - grain products (glucose and glucose)
Disaccharide
172
Long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)
Example : Glycogen - energy storage polysaccharide in animals, Starch - energy storage polysaccharide in plants, Cellulose - structural molecule of plant cell walls
Polysaccharide
173
Study of cells (coined by Robert Hooke)
Cytology
174
New cells are made of old cells
Theodor Schwann
175
“Spontaneous cells” cells that can replace themselves
Louis Pasteur
176
Fluid inside cell - cytosol
Intracellular Fluid
177
Fluid outside the cell
Example : blood
Extracellular Fluid
178
Most in body, fish cell shape
Thin and flat with nucleus creating buldge
Squamous
179
Starlike cell shape
Stellate
180
Tall and skinny cell shape
Taller than wide
Columnar
181
Round to oval cell shape
Spheroid
182
Dice cell shape
Cuboidal
183
Thin, pointy ends cell shape
Fusiform
184
Red blood cell looking
Discoid
