Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 1

symptoms: fever, night sweats, rash, mouth sores, swollen lymph nodes

pathogen: virus

origin:
- chimpanzees –> colonialism (prostitution in african cities)
- colonial medicine (reuse of needles)
- teacher returning to haiti from africa
- americans visit haiti for “sex tourism” (MSM)
- spread through haiti in plasma centers

progression:
- infection 2-4 weeks (Swollen lymph nodes, Fever, fatigue, headache, Night sweats)
- latent phase 10+ years (no apparent symptoms, spreadable, medicine here can make it undetectable levels & unspreadable
- AIDS immune system gone, highly viral, with no treatment, 3 years to live

treatment:
- anti viral drugs
- PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) taken if at high risk for contracting disease
- PEP (post exposure prophylaxis) taken if person believes they’ve been exposed
- no vaccine

Answer 1

HIV

Question 2

symptoms: lesion at site of infection (ulcers), rash on palms & soles, swollen lymph nodes

pathogen: bacteria

progression:
primary - ulcers
secondary - rash on palms & soles
latent - no symptoms, can last for 10+ years
tertiary/late - can spread to cardiovascular system, brain (neuropsyphilis)

treatment: penicilin

Answer 2

Syphilis

Question 3

symptoms: itching, burning, soreness of genitals, painful urination, penile & vaginal discharge

pathogen: eukaryote (4 small & 1 long flagella)

progression: only shows symptoms in 305 of infected

treatment: Oral Metronidazole

Answer 3

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 4

symptoms: vaginal/penile discharge, burning during urination, abdominal or lower back pain

pathogen: bacteria

progression: symptoms begin 1-3 weeks after infection

treatment: antibiotics

Answer 4

Chlamydia & Gonorrhea

Question 5

symptoms: cold sores in mouth/on genitals (HSV1, HSV2), chickenpox

pathogen: virus

progression: cold sores, shingles, latent infection

treatment: antiviral medication

Answer 5

herpes

Question 6

symptoms: genital warts, transformation of epithelial cells, especially of the cervix (leading to cervical cancer)

pathogen: virus

treatment: vaccine to prevent, no cure

Answer 6

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

Question 7

sores in hands, wasn’t sexually transmitted until a couple years ago

Answer 7

MPox

Question 8

implantation

Answer 8

enzymes destroy swollen lining of the uterus, embryo embeds itself in uterus

Question 9

placentation

Answer 9

Trophoblast cells multiply and develop into villi, maternal blood fills openings around embryo

Question 10

chorion

Answer 10

extra embryonic membrane that takes away waste

Question 11

allantois

Answer 11

extra embryonic membrane that is responsible for gas exchange

Question 12

amnion

Answer 12

innermost extra embryonic membrane that encloses the embryo in amniotic fluid

Question 13

yolk sak

Answer 13

provides nutrients but not very nutrient dense in humans (vestigial)

Question 14

endoderm

Answer 14

germ layer for internal organs (ex. liver)

Question 15

ectoderm

Answer 15

germ layer for skin

Question 16

mesoderm

Answer 16

germ layer for muscle and bone

Question 17

gastrulation

Answer 17

Establishes the basic body plan and creates the three primary germ layers

Question 18

embryo vs fetus

Answer 18

Embryo: 0-9 weeks, Fetus: 10 weeks and on

Question 19

organogenesis

Answer 19

organ formation during pregnancy

Question 20

neurulation

Answer 20

forming of neural tube (precursor to brain & spinal cord)

Question 21

penis

Answer 21

allows sperm to exit body

Question 22

bladder

Answer 22

stored urine

Question 23

corpus cavernosum

Answer 23

fills with blood to make an erection

Question 24

corpus spongiosum

Answer 24

fills with blood to make an erection

Question 25

glans penis

Answer 25

exit point of reproductive structure

Question 26

prepuce

Answer 26

covers penis during erection

Question 27

testis

Answer 27

produces sperm and secretes testosterone

Question 28

epididymis

Answer 28

sperm maturation and transport

Question 29

vas deferens

Answer 29

transports sperm from epididymis to urethra (3d)

Question 30

ureathra

Answer 30

allows urine and sperm to exit the body

Question 31

prostate

Answer 31

produces semen fluid

Question 32

seminal vesicle

Answer 32

produces semen fluid

Question 33

rectum

Answer 33

collects, holds, and releases stool

Question 34

ovary

Answer 34

stores and produces eggs

Question 35

uterine tube (fallopian)

Answer 35

transports egg, location of fertilization

Question 36

uterus

Answer 36

receives fertilized egg, location of fetal development

Question 37

clitoris

Answer 37

for sexual pleasure

Question 38

labia majora

Answer 38

enclose and protect other external genital organs

Question 39

labia minora

Answer 39

protects vaginal and urethral openings

Question 40

vagina

Answer 40

barrier for bacteria, route for childbirth & menstrual period

Question 41

cervix

Answer 41

allows menstrual blood to exit & sperm to enter the uterus

Question 42

male vs female pelvis

Answer 42

female: wider and shorter (wider for childbirth), u shaped pubic arch male: sacrum tilted more in, v shaped pubic arch