Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 0

Define intelligence

Answer 0

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Question 1

What is reification?

Answer 1

Reification is the cognitive error of making something real when it is not
•very common among western countries with intelligence.,/

Question 2

What is spearman’s g factor?

Answer 2

• general intelligence

* intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test

Question 3

What is factor analysis?

Answer 3

Factor analysis was founded by spearman.
-1,0,+1 strength of correlation
Data reduction technique

Question 4

Savant syndrome + implications for intelligence

Answer 4

A condition where someone who may lack mental ability due to disability may excel in a particular area: ex. Computation or drawing

Question 5

Multiple Intelligences. What’s the theory?

Answer 5

Gardner believe we did not have 1 single intelligence, but rather multiple intelligences. Ex. An artsy kid and a basketball player exhibit different kinds of intelligence

Question 6

Francis Galton

Answer 6

Cousin of Charles Darwin

• wondered if ones natural ability could be measured
• tested adults in London and no correlation was found (failed)
• gave the phrase nurture v nature

Question 7

Binet + Simon

Answer 7

Studied children and France. Wanted to find a mental age.
Kids who performed average, above average, and below average
Never questioned why some kids have certain mental ages

Question 8

Aptitude tests

Answer 8

Tests on how well you will do in the future. Closely related to standardized testing. Ability to learn a new skill

Question 9

Standardized Tests

Answer 9

Closely related to aptitude tests. Tests how well you will do in college

Question 10

Achievement Tests

Answer 10

Tests based on what ones already learned

Question 11

Identical Twin study

Answer 11

Monozygotic twins were found to have high heritability concordance. (Similar iqs)
•their iqs are not exactly the same because of environmental factors

Question 12

Heritability of intelligence

Answer 12

The extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation (50-80%)

Question 13

The environmental influence of neglect on intelligence

Answer 13

Poor environmental conditions can depress cognitive development. Malnutrition also plays a role.
Children that may have had high potential were depressed by being deprived

Question 14

Differences in m/f in regards to verbal fluency and math.

Answer 14

Girls: better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions.
Boys: outperform girls in social ability and complex math problems.
IN OVERALL MATH PERFORMANCE BOYS AND GIRLS HARFLY DIFFER

Question 15

Define motivation

Answer 15

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 16

4 perspectives to explain motivation

Answer 16

1. instinct theory: genetically predisposed behaviors
2. Drive reduction theory: how our inner pushed and external pulls interact
3. Arousal theory: finding the right leek of stimulation
4. Maslows hierarchy of needs

Question 17

Define instinct

Answer 17

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 18

Instinct theory

Answer 18

genetically predisposed behaviors

Question 19

Define drive:

Answer 19

An aroused motivated state. Examples include hunger and thirst. Triggers a drive reducing behavior

Question 20

Maslows Hierachy of Needs

Answer 20

• Self transcendence needs
• self actualization needs
• esteem needs
• Belongingness and love needs
• Safety needs
• physiological needs (hunger, thirst)

Question 21

Ancel Keys’ study

Answer 21

Studies semi starvation by cutting off the food supply of 36 make volunteers (by 1/2)
Without thinking their bodies began conserving energy; appeared listless and apathetic
Body weights stopped dropping at about 25% ⬇️ starting weights

Question 22

Physiologic basis of hunger

Answer 22

Major structure:
Hypothalamus
•lateral hypothalamus
-if stimulated, you eat. If destroyed you starve
•ventrahedial hypothalamus
- suppresses hunger
-if destroyed you will eat yourself to death

Question 23

The role of hypothalamus and appetite hormones

Answer 23

Orexin: hormone that makes us hungry
Ghrelin: hormone that stimulates hunger in an empty stomach
Obestatin: hormone that sends out full signals

Question 24

Define Basal metabolic rate

Answer 24

Amount of calories your body burns during rest. (Breathing, heart-rate, digestion)

Question 25

Stages of sexual response cycle

Answer 25

* excitement phase * plateau phase * orgasm * resolution phase: refractory period

Question 26

What is the refractory period

Answer 26

The refractory period refers to a time after orgasming that a male must wait to orgasm again. Varies from a few minutes to a day+

Question 27

Define sexual disorder

Answer 27

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 28

Euro v American teens: contraception, pregnancy, and abortion

Answer 28

More pregnant teens in America | More contraceptives in Europe

Question 29

Job v career v calling

Answer 29

Job: only there to get money Career: good starting point. Jump off from there (climb corporate ladder) Calling: fulfilling employment. Socially fulfilling. Not about the money

Question 30

Explain the concept of flow

Answer 30

Flow is a phenomenon seen usually in artists/athletes. They get really into their work and lose track of time and surroundings. Flow boosts self esteem

Question 31

What is I/O psychology

Answer 31

I/O psychologists look to improve quality at the workplace. Make sure employees are happy/motivated

Question 32

What is the great person theory of leadership

Answer 32

``` Enhancing the business by advancing leadership. Leaders: •goal based vision •charisma/assertive •good communication skills •mostly held by men ```

Question 33

What is the transformational leadership theory?

Answer 33

``` This theory is more focused on inspiring your colleagues •more group oriented •natural extroverts •inspiring •mostly held by women ```

Question 34

What are the basic components of emotion

Answer 34

* the feeling state * physiological change "arousal" * biological expression (hormonally based)

Question 35

What us the James Lange theory of emotion

Answer 35

* physical change is experienced then emotion * ex. We are sad because we cry * acting happy will make you happier

Question 36

What is the cannon bard theory of emotion

Answer 36

You can take the physiological arousal away and still see emotion •emotional and physiological experiences are simultaneous

Question 37

What is the schacter and singer 2 factor theory of emotion

Answer 37

Factor 1: physiological state of arousal Factor 2: look at the environment to explain feelings Studied the spillover effect

Question 38

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 38

This system is responsible for homeostasis. Initiates fight/flight response. •physiological pattern/arousal is needed for this to happen

Question 39

Right prefrontal cortex and emotions

Answer 39

Right is more associated with negative emotions

Question 40

Facial expression and emotion

Answer 40

6 core emotions: happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

Question 41

Role of physical abuse and detection of emotions

Answer 41

Abused children recognize anger in faces easier than others

Question 42

Facial expressions and lying

Answer 42

Women can detect lies better than men.

Question 43

What is empathy

Answer 43

The ability to identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes. •more commonly seen in women

Question 44

Izards research on the 10 emotions

Answer 44

Outlined basic emotions •joy, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt •suggested complex emotions were just mixes of the basic ones

Question 45

Balance and arousal

Answer 45

Russell suggested a 4 quadrant system and any emotions could fall in: high to low arousal and positive to negative valence

Question 46

What is catharsis? What does it do?

Answer 46

Freudian belief that venting emotions is a good thing/healthy •proven wrong, only a temporary fix.

Question 47

Amygdala's role in emotion

Answer 47

Amygdala controls fear and anger. Part of the limic system

Question 48

What is the feel good, do good phenomenon

Answer 48

When we are feeling good, we seem to do more for others | -random acts of kindness, charity work