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BIO 1 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Science is based on facts. What is science? What is a fact?

A

Science: a process of learning and acquiring knowledge
Fact: information that is known to be true

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2
Q

What is a theory? Is a theory based on fact?

A

Theory: supported by evidence, never proven

A theory is not based on fact because they are never proven.

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3
Q

What are the different species concepts and how do they differ?

A

Biological Species Concept: A species is determined by individuals that breed and produce viable offspring.
Ecological Species Concept: More than just interbreeding determines species, the environment and natural selection maintains species integrity.
Phylogenetic Species Concept: Species are maintained by their shared derived traits.

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4
Q

What is a homo plastic character?

A

Homoplastic Character: Characters that are not derived from a common ancestor. Traits look similar due to environment, not from common ancestor.

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5
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Make an Observation
  2. Form a Question
  3. Form a Hypothesis
  4. Design an Experiment
  5. Analysis and Conclusions
  6. Report Findings
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6
Q

Why is controlling for certain variables important?

A

Controlling a certain variable in an experiment is important because that is how results will be found.

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7
Q

Who used the scientific method to determine that spontaneous generation was not likely?

A

Louis Pasteur used a flask with a particle trap which yielded no growth to prove this. Once the trap was removed, growth occurred, proving spontaneous generation is false.

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8
Q

Is a theory ever proven? What is a provisional assent?

A

A theory is never proven. Instead, they are given provisional assents meaning that they are true for no but may change in the future.

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9
Q

What are the 8 characteristics or living organisms?

A
  1. Uses acquired energy
  2. Maintains internal environment (homeostasis)
  3. Responds to environment
  4. Possesses inherited DNA that allows function
  5. Reproduces using heritable DNA
  6. Highly organized
  7. Composed of one or more cells
  8. Evolve from other living organisms
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10
Q

What is the inductive reasoning?

A

Using logic and experiments to generalize.

If poodles and terriers have hair then……they are mammals

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11
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Using math and philosophy to test for validity.

Mammals have hair. This creature does not… so it is not a mammal.

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12
Q

What is the hierarchy of biology from least to most inclusive?

A

Atom: unit of matter
Molecules: two or more atoms
Organelles: “organs” of cells
Cells: basic unit of life
Tissue: cells working in concert
Organ: tissues working in concert
Organ system: organs working in concert
Organism: organ systems working in concert
Population: specific group of organisms in specific area
Community: all organisms in specific area
Ecosystem: all living and non-living things in specific area
Biosphere: all ecosystems on a planet

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13
Q

What is Charles Darwin’s contribution to the theory of evolution?

A

Wrote “On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

Provided why and how evolution occurred (through natural selection)

Did this by studying finches on the Galápagos Islands.

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14
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

When a common ancestor is shared between species that eventually evolved and were modified over time.

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15
Q

Whose findings led Darwin to hypothesize that populations were regulated by death according to a process he termed “selection”

A

Thomas Malthus. While organisms could produce more offspring, only a limited number survive.

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16
Q

How did Charles Lyell’s findings inspire Charles Darwin.

A

Lyell influenced Darwin’s understanding of evolution which led to natural selection. Lyell helped set up the ideas and the age of Earth.

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17
Q

Why is Alfred Wallace important to Darwin’s life work?

A

Alfred Wallace sent Darwin an essay of his findings of natural selection 16 years after Darwin had shelved his ideas. This urged Darwin to submit his work for publication at a joint seminar in London.

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18
Q

How are natural selection or artificial selection different?

A

Artificial selection is when breeding is done intentionally on domestic plants or animals. Natural selection occurs naturally based on environments.

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19
Q

How do analogous and homologous structures differ?

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A

Homologous: same evolutionary origin
Analogous: different evolutionary origins

20
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark’s theory on evolution? Give an example.

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A

Lamarck’s theory proposed that changes were acquired during life and passed to offspring. There was an inheritance of ACQUIRED characteristics.

Giraffes necks stretched to feed, eventually grew longer.

21
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

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A

When environmental conditions cause the phenotypes (appearance) of a given species to change.

22
Q

What are the 5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

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A
  1. No mutation takes place
  2. No genes are transferred to or from other sources
  3. Random mating occurs
  4. Large population size
  5. No selection occurs

If all of these occur, proportions of genotypes do not change in a population.

23
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

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A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p^2= homozygous dominant
2pq= heterozygous
q^2= homozygous recessive

24
Q

What are the 5 agents of evolutionary change?

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A
  1. Mutation: rates generally low, source of genetic variation, makes evolution possible
  2. Gene Flow: movement of alleles from one population to another, drifting of gametes
  3. Non random Mating: phenotypically similar individuals mate (assortative mating) or phenotypically different individuals mate (disassortative mating)
  4. Genetic Drift: allele frequency may change by chance alone, bottleneck effect
  5. Selection: some individuals leave behind more progeny than others, artificial and natural selection
25
How are assortative and disassortative mating different? What is the result of each situation?
Assortative mating occurs when two similar individuals mate (creates more homozygous individuals) Disassortative mating occurs when two different individuals mate (creates more heterozygous individuals)
26
What 3 conditions must be met for natural selection to occur?
1. Phenotypic variation must exist among individuals in a population 2. Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation (selection) 3. Phenotypic variation must be genetically inherited
27
What are the two examples of genetic drift?
Founder effect | Bottleneck effect: caused by events that greatly reduce population, losing genetic variability
28
How are natural selection and evolution related? Are they the same?
They are not the same. Natural selection is a process that RESULTS in evolution. Evolution is the historical record or outcome of change through time.
29
What makes an organisms “more fit”? Know how to calculate relative fitness.
The most fit phenotype is the one that produces the greatest number of surviving offspring. Components of fitness include survival, sexual selection, number of offspring per mating, traits favored for one component that may be disadvantage for others.
30
What are two types of frequency dependent selection? Come up with an example that would fit each description.
Negative frequency-dependent selection: rare phenotypes favored by selection Fish eat most common color water boatman. Oddly colored ones survive. Positive frequency-dependent selection: favors common form, eliminates variation The different colored fish in a school of fish is noticed and eaten first by a predator.
31
What is oscillating selection? (Recall the world by Peter and Rosemary Grant)
When selection favors one phenotype at one time and another phenotype at another time. Maintains genetic variation in the population. Birds with big bills were favored during drought while birds with small bills were favored in wet conditions.
32
What is heterozygote advantage? (Hint: Know the relationship between malaria and sickle cell anemia)
Heterozygote advantage is when heterozygotes are favored over homozygotes. For sickle cell anemia, homozygotes usually die before reproducing without medical treatment. Heterozygotes for sickle cell allele do not suffer anemia and are also much less susceptible to malaria. Leading cause of death in central Africa is malaria.
33
What are disruptive, directional, and stabilizing selection? You should be able to identify graphs related to each.
Disruptive: acts to eliminate intermediate types, two peaks form in the graph Directional: acts to eliminate one extreme, peak shifts one direction in graph Stabilizing: acts to eliminate both extremes, distribution gets narrower in graph
34
How can gene flow affect the process of natural selection?
Gene flow may promote or constrain natural selection.
35
How do Biston betularia contribute to our body of evidence supporting evolution?
The darker moths took up most of the population as they blended in with the bark. Pollution control resulted in bark color becoming lighter and light colored moths now dominate the population.
36
What is archaeoteryx? How does this specimens contribute to our understanding of evolution?
Archaeoteryx is the oldest known bird fossil. This is the intermediate species between bird and dinosaur. They possess some ancestral traits of dinosaurs and also of present day birds.
37
What is convergent evolution? Does it cause similar or dissimilar-looking organisms?
When different areas have similar organisms. Selection favored similar changes, species may only be distantly related. Similar forms evolved in different areas because of similar selective pressures.
38
What are the different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?
Reproductive isolation: do not mate with each other or do not produce fertile offspring (then members of different species) 1. Ecological isolation: different habitats 2. Behavioral isolation: will refuse to mate with different species 3. Temporal isolation: species differ in reproductive season 4. Mechanical isolation: incompatible organs
39
What is the difference between prezygotic and postzygotic isolation?
Prezygotic isolation prevents mating and fertilization. Postzygotic isolation prevents a hybrid from devolving into a viable, fertile adult.
40
What are the different ways allopatric speciation can occur?
They are geographically separated, much more likely to have evolved substantial differences leading to speciation.
41
What is sympatric speciation?
Disruptive selection followed by reproductive isolation. They inhabit the same geographical area but grow isolated.
42
Explain the process of adaptive radiation.
New trait evolved within a species, allowing it to use resources that were previously inaccessible. It requires both speciation and adaptation to different habitats. 1. Ancestral species flies to island 2. Ancestral species spreads to different islands 3. Populations on different islands becomes different species 4. Species evolve different adaptations 5. Colonization of islands 6. Different adaptations minimize competition with each other
43
What is character displacement?
Natural selection in each species favors those individuals that use resources not used by other species.
44
What are the different views on the pace (or speed) of evolution?
Gradualism: accumulation of small changes, standard view for long time Punctuated equilibrium: long periods of stasis followed by rapid change
45
A cladogram or phylogenetic tree is used as a pictorial description of a phylogeny. What is a phylogeny?
A hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species.
46
What is the difference between an ancestral and a derived character?
Derived characteristic: similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of the entire group Ancestral: similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group

BIO 1 (2 decks)

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