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field botany > exam 1 study guide material > Flashcards

exam 1 study guide material Flashcards

1
Q

factors that contribute to high biodiversity in a region

A
  • size (bigger size, more diversity)
  • location (increasing diversity with decreasing latitude, can come with normal temperatures for these regions are more moderate and less seasonality)
  • habitat diversity (more habitat diversity, more biodiversity)
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2
Q

vegetation

A

physiognomy (appearance) and species composition at a location
“association/community”

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3
Q

flora

A

all the different types of plants that occur in a location –> “species” is the basic unit of description

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4
Q

how do factors that contribute to high biodiversity apply to plants in California

A

California has a high diversity for a temperate region. this can be due to the fact that California is very large (size!!) (long latitudinal direction with oregon and mexico borders) and also have many different climates (north California is very different from south California and therefore they can have very different vegetations)
- mountains divide climates and vary elevations
- we have forests, woodlands, shrublands, grasslands, deserts
- majority of California flora are flowering plants (dicots)

MAIN BASIC FACTORS
- size
- location –> increasing diversity with decreasing latitude
- habitat diversity

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5
Q

Composition of California’s flora

A

majority of california’s flora are flowering plant, i.e., angiosperms and mostly dicotyledonous

around 5867 species –> 4646 dicots (80%)

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6
Q

how a floristic province is defined relative to a state

A

A floristic province is a geographic area that has plant communities composed of plant species that are characteristic of and best developed in that area or region

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7
Q

Floristic province in california

A

Three floristic provinces occur in california
1. california floristic province (CFP)
- Cismontane CA as delimited by the Cascades, Sierra Nevadas, Transverse Mountains and Peninsular Ranges. 48% of the species are endemic
2. Great Basic Floristic Province
3. Sonoran Floristic Province
- Includes all the hot dry deserts of california

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8
Q

dendrochronology and its use to determine past climate

A

dendochronology is the science of technique of dating events, environmental change, and archaeological artifacts by using the characteristic patterns of annual growth rings in timber and tree trunks
- can see rainy periods when the ring is large and dry periods when the ring is thinner
- can even identify scars from forest fires
- can identify compression, competition, insect attacks

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9
Q

biological species – different from ecotypes and subspecies

A

subspecies are applied to ecotypes (?) page 27 of naming plants 1

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10
Q

why is the use of scientific names preferable to common names for plants

A
  • “French public warned over edible chestnut confusion” –> Horse chestnuts seeds is used to make medicine but contains poison that can cause death if eaten raw
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11
Q

taxonomic species

A

groups of morphologically and ecologically similar natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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12
Q

ecological species

A

subunits of taxonomic species are ecotypes

-ecotypes represent the genetic response of population to habitat and are distinguished by morphological and/or physiological characteristics. infertile with other ecotypes even of the same species

  • ecocline; gradation in the attributes of a species associated with an environmental gradient

definitions that may help me understand:
a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment / set of organisms that share environmental niches, with differences between groups being adaptive behaviors and forms in response to the availability of resources

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13
Q

identify the parts of a scientific name

A
  1. Genus name 2. specific epithet 3. author

examples

Quercus (genus) alba (specific epithet) Linnaeus (author)

Cirsium (genus) andersonii (epithet) (A. Gray) (parenthetical author) Petrak (combining author)

Pinus (genus) contorta (epithet) Louden (author) ssp. bolanderi (subspecies) (Parl.) Critchf.

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14
Q

Authority

A

refers to the individual who named the species
- parenthetical author (in parentheses) is who published the epithet
- combining author (comes after the parentheses) is who transferred the epithet to the current genus

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15
Q

name changes

A

reasons: name contrary to the rules and therefore illegitimate, additional research has changed definition and delimitation of a taxon

ways: two names united into one, divided into multiple, change in rank, changed in position

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16
Q

evolutionary phylogenetic classification

A

phylogenetic classification can be evolutionary or cladistics
EVOLUTIONARY
-collect taxonomic evidence
- weight the evidence
- determine which features are primitive versus advanced
-construct the classification
-types: Takhtajan, Cronquist, Thorne, Dahlgren

problems; convergent evolution, lack of appropriate fossils, assumes a monophyletic origin of groups, intuitive (affects reproducibility)

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17
Q

cladistics phylogenetic classification

A

taxa are grouped on the basis of the branching pattern of evolution. assumes that species arise by ancestral species splitting into two to produce a cladogram. characters are based on shared, derived characters.

-homologous characters; shared by common ancestry, only homologous characters can be used in constructing a cladogram

problems; determining which characters to use, parallel and convergent evolution, selecting relevant outgroup

18
Q

taxonomic evidence

A

in selecting/ using characters (variable features of plants), the following must be considered; inherited variation patterns v environmentally induced variation, usefulness of particular variables, convergences and parallelism, and determining and describing the extent of variation.

  • all parts of a plant at all stages of development can provide useful taxonomic characters
19
Q

approaches to classification- factors

A

morphology, comparative anatomy, embryology, cytology, palynology, paleobotany, macromolecular and macromolecular

20
Q

artificial classification

A

based on one character (sometimes a few) chosen a priori

  • disadvantages; not natural, does not group together similar or phylogenetically related species, no predictive power to the information
  • advantages; very easy to place unknown species, does not change, the basis of most keys
21
Q

linnaeus classification

A
  • type of artificial classification that is based on one character (or a few) chosen a priori
    sexual system– 24 groups based on the number of stamens with subgroups based on the numbers of stigmas
22
Q

natural or phenetic classification

A

basis; sum total of as many characters as possible chosen a posteriori

-disadvantages; identification can be difficult, the placing of poorly known species may be difficult, may change with advancement of knowledge
- advantages; high information content and predictive value, closely related to phylogenetic classification, recent advancement in understanding can be added

23
Q

numeric phenetics / dendrogram

A
  • classified based on numerous characters in large data sets. can be morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical, etc
  • determined in unbiased way
  • total number of characters in common is the basis for the classification and groups are linked together according to the degree of similarity
  • resulting classification is represented in a dendrogram

-disadvantages; convergent evolution is difficult to account for and not phylogenetic

24
Q

Give examples of characters used in the classification of plants and explain why they may be good or useful

A

need to answer this

25
Q

vascular plants

A

most important in terms of number of species and biomass. dominate most terrestrial environments and show progressive adaptation to a terrestrial habitat

26
Q

some major evolutionary trends – vascular plant body

A
  1. vascular plant body
    a. development of root and shoot
    b. morphological diversity
    c. primary growth supplemented by secondary growth
    d. treacheary elements become lignified
    e. vessels arose independently from trackeids several times
    f. stele
    g. leaves
27
Q

flora

A

all the different types of plants that occur in a location
- “species” is the basic unit of description

28
Q

vegetation

A

physiognomy (appearance) and species composition at a location
-“association/community”
- vegetation types are often named for the dominant growth form
- large number of vegetation types reflects climatic and habitat diversity

29
Q

native species

A

naturally occurring prior to colonization by Europeans

30
Q

alien introduced species

A

introduced such as tamarisk and mustard. numbers of alien species increasing with increasing anthropogenic (resulting from the influence of human beings on nature) disturbance

31
Q

naturalized species

A

alien species that have become established as part of the natural vegetation

32
Q

endemic species

A

confined to a specific geography. CA has a high proportion of endemic species (more than 30%)
- reflects habitat diversity

33
Q

paleoendemics

A

relict (something that has survived from an earlier time period) species such as redwoods
- used to be broadly distributed and then became restricted

34
Q

neoendemics

A

new endemics, evolved recently so no movement yet

35
Q

extirpated

A

extinct in one area

36
Q

Linnaeus

A

developed the binomial system of nomenclature and named hundred of species

37
Q

flower

A

the generalized flower is generally defined as a reduced branch system with the leaves modified into sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. multiples of these parts are arranged in successive whorls of the slower

38
Q

1st whorl

A

sepals

39
Q

2nd whorl

A

petals

40
Q

3rd whorl

A

stamens

41
Q

4th whorl

A

carpels

42
Q

phylogenetic tree v cladogram

A

phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary and genetic distance while a cladogram displays related characteristics. a cladogram is a hypothesis about evolution, and a phylogenetic tree is a much more supported and tested hypothesis. neither one is considered a fact

FOCUS
E- degree of advancement and divergence from a common ancestor
C- branching patterns of evolution
APPROACH
E-intuitive
C- analytical
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
E- does not generate hypotheses, classification influenced by personal research of material
C- generates testable hypotheses about branches and tests by collecting data

field botany (4 decks)

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