Exam 1 - Study Material (Quiz 3) Flashcards
Describe nonexperimental research
Designs used in studies in which the researcher wishes to construct a picture of a phenomenon; explore events, people, or situations as they naturally occur; or test relationships and differences among variables
What are the pros and cons of non-experimental research?
- NO CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
- INTERNAL VALIDITY -SELECTION ETC.
- SPURIOUS FINDINGS
- NO NEED FOR EXPER. DESIGN
- IMPORTANT INFOR. NOT KNOWN
- LARGE AMT OF INFO.
- REALISM
When would you use a non-experimental ressearch desgin?
- Use when can’t manipulate I.V.
- Use when looking for association, differences, describe phenomena or relationship of I.V. to D. V.
What level of evidence do non-experimental designs provide?
Provides Level IV Evidence
What are the different types of non-experimetnal research designs?
- SURVEY
- RELATIONSHIP & DIFFERENCES
- CORRELATIONAL
- DEVELOPMENTAL
- CROSS-SECTIONAL
- LONGITUDINAL/PROSPECTIVE/COHORT
- RETROSPECTIVE/EX POST FACTO/CASE CONTROL
What are survery studies?
- Descriptive, exploraory, or comparative studies that collect detailed descriptions of exsting variables and use the data to justify and assess current conditions and practices, or to make more plans for improving health care practices.
- Data are collected by questionnaires or interviews
What is a correlational study?
A type of nonexperimental research design that examines the realationship between two or more variables
What are some characteristics of correlational studies?
- Examines the relationship between two or more variables
- Examines strength of variables
- Does not manipulate variables
- Gives increased flexibility when examining relationship among variables
- Can be descriptive or predictive
What are developmental studies?
A type of nonexperimental resaerch design that is concerned not only with the existing status and interrelatonship of phenomena, but also with changes that take place as a function of time
What are the different types of developmental studies?
- Cross-Sectional - Examines data at one point in time
- Longitudinal/Prospective/Cohort - Collect data from same group at different points in time; repeated measures
- Retrospective/Ex Post Facto/Case Control - Examine attempts to link present events to past
What are some advantages to develpomental studies?
- It is Flexible
- Helpful for clinical application
- Foundation for future intervention studies
- Good for studying variables that can not be manipulated
- “Realism”
What are some disadvantages to develpomental studies?
- Can not manipulate variables
- No randomization so have to closely assess the sample
- No causal outcomes
- Strength is limited as outcomes are associative
- Careful when reviewing and making statements as not experimental design
What is a methodological study?
A study in which an Instrument is development. Items developed and tested for reliability and validity
- Define concept
- Formulate items
- Develop instructions
- Test reliability and validity
What is secondary analysis?
A research method in which the researcher takes the previously collected data & analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes the data for a secondary question or research purpose
What is a systematic review?
A summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and analyze relevant data from the selected studies to summarize the findings in a focused area.
What is the goal of a systematic review?
Bring together all studies on a topic using a focused clinical question, inclusion, exclusion criteria
Systematic reviews Assess studies for:
- Sampling issues
- Internal validity(Bias) threat
- External validity
- Data analysis
What are some characteristics of integrative reviews?
- Broadest category of review
- No statistical analysis
- Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies, or both, reviews, methodological studies
- EX. Symptom experience of children with cancer- 52 studies reviewed
What are some characteristics of meta-analysis’s?
- Special method –LEVEL I
- equires strict scientific approach
- akes results of many studies in an area
- Synthesizes the findings
- Statistically summarizes the data to obtain precise estimate of the impact of the results of studies in the review
- Generally of RCTs
What is a integrative reivew?
- It is a sytematic review of the literature using the evidence based practice approach
- Broadest category of review
- No statistical analysis
- Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies, or both, reviews, methodological studies
- EX. Symptom experience of children with cancer- 52 studies reviewed
What are the different phases of a meta-analysis?
- PHASE 1- Data Extracted- sample type and size, measures and outcome data
- PHASE II- Decision made whether to calculate a pooled average (effect) of the studies
What is effect size in relation to a meta analysis?
It is how large of a difference there is between intervention and control groups for summarized studies
What is a forest plot?
graphic data representation
¥Box- right of 0 line=not significant; left =significant ¥Diamond-More precise, combines all studies data
What are agree II guidelines?
- Allows critique of guidelines, they help evaluate guidelines
- Evaluation components –Date, endorsement, purpose, type of evidence that supports, how graded the evidence, used & tested
What is Qualitative Research?
The study of research questions about human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied.
