Exam 1 Terms

Question 1

Alternative explanations

Answer 1

These are used to rule out other reasons for the observed outcomes.

Question 2

Applied research

Answer 2

Scientific study focusing on solving problems, real world situations.

Question 3

Basic research

Answer 3

Answers questions about nature of behavior

Question 4

What is the measured thing within research?

Answer 4

Dependent variable

Question 5

What is manipulated in research?

Answer 5

Independent variable

Question 6

What is the control?

Answer 6

What you are comparing your independent variable to. Gives a base line.

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

One possible answer to the question being asked. It is an the idea or questioned being studied

Question 8

What type of review summaries past research?

Answer 8

Literature review, meta analysis is many studies about the same topic.

Question 9

What is a theory article?

Answer 9

Gives the framework to understand a phenomenon.

Question 10

Empirical research

Answer 10

Is the research that had been conducted and the data gathered to answer the question.

Question 11

What are the goals of social science?

Answer 11

Describe the signs and symptoms
Predict the larger issues
Determine the cause or reason
Explain findings

Question 12

Present/present bias

Answer 12

Focuses only on what is there and not what is missing or absent.

Question 13

Conformation bias

Answer 13

Only looking for evidence that supports their claim

Question 14

What are the three principles of Bulmont?

Answer 14

Beneficence: benefits and risks should be minimal
Respect for persons: they are able to decide to be in the study or not
Justice: receiving benefits of research as well as bearing the risks

Question 15

Construct validity

Answer 15

Measuring the idea being asked

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

Are there other explanations for the results and how do you remove these confounds

Question 17

External validity

Answer 17

The results need to be generalized based on populations. This can be manipulated depending on who you are studying

Question 18

Statistical validity

Answer 18

Use a large sample to look at effect size

Question 19

What is the difference between type I errors and type II errors?

Answer 19

Type I - Conclude that there is an effect when there is not (false alarm)
Type II - Conclude that there is not an effect when there actual is one (miss)

Question 20

What is operational definition?

Answer 20

A definition of a variable is the set o procedures used to measure or manipulate the variable.

Question 21

Construct validity

Answer 21

The accuracy of the definition. Does the variable actually reflect the theoretical meaning of the variable?

Question 22

What are third-variable problem?

Answer 22

The relationship between the two variables

Question 23

Confounding variables

Answer 23

When tow variables are intertwined

Question 24

What are is the different between measure and manipulation?

Answer 24

Variables that are measured are dependent

Variables that are manipulated is independent

Question 25

What are the three types of claims?

Answer 25

Frequency Association Causal

Question 26

What is a frequency claim?

Answer 26

Single variable | How often? How many? What problem?

Question 27

What is association claim?

Answer 27

Two variables | No causation is implied: it is not clear what the cause is.

Question 28

What is causal claim?

Answer 28

At least two variables | One variable causes the other variable

Question 29

What are the three parts to causal claims?

Answer 29

Covariance Temporal precedence Internal validity

Question 30

Covariance

Answer 30

There is an association between A and B

Question 31

Temporal precedence

Answer 31

A comes before B in time

Question 32

Internal validity

Answer 32

There is not other possible causes for B except A

Question 33

What is internal consistency reliability?

Answer 33

Assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time

Question 34

Nominal Scale

Answer 34

No numerical or quantitative properties categories groups by differences (sex, age, species)

Question 35

Orainal Scale

Answer 35

Ranks order of levels of the variables | gold, silver, bronze

Question 36

Intervals and Ratio Scales

Answer 36

Difference between numbers on scale are meaningful, have absolute zero point that indicate absences of variable being measured

Question 37

Double barreled questions

Answer 37

Questions that ask two things

Question 38

Loaded Questions

Answer 38

Written two long or not clear

Question 39

Negative wording

Answer 39

Negative words in the question that would put a bias