Exam 1 Terms Flashcards
(67 cards)
0
Q
Homo erectus
A
- Flourished 100,000 to 1.5 million years ago
- Fossils found in Africa, Asia, & Europe
- Brain capacity between 900-1,200ml
- Used fire & made stone tools
- Looked after old & sick
1
Q
Australopithecines
A
- Flourished 2 million to 4 million years ago
- Used bipedal locomotion
- Ape sized brain
- Lived in South & East Africa
2
Q
Neanderthals
A
- Flourished between 230,000 & 30,000 years ago
- Average brain size is slightly larger than that of modern humans, about 1450 cc
- Buried their dead
- Lived at the same time as the Homo sapiens sapiens
3
Q
Homo sapiens sapiens
A
- Modern forms of Homo sapiens first appeared 120,000 years ago
- Modern humans brain size of about 1350 cc
- First appeared in Africa but about 50,000 years ago began to spread across Asia, Europe, Australia, & finally N. and S. America.
- Hunters & gatherers until 13,000 years ago when farming began.
4
Q
Largest cities in Mesopotamian Civilization that was created by the Sumerians were:
A
- Eridu
- Ur
- Uruk
- Umma
- Lagash
5
Q
Theocracy
A
-Governments were ruled by divine authority
6
Q
Akkadians
A
- Briefly conquered Sumer
- Led by Sargon
7
Q
Semitic Languages
A
- Assyrians
- Babylonians
- Phoenicians
- Arabic
- Hebrews
8
Q
Hammurabi
A
- An Amorite
- Establish Old Babylonia as a seat of power
- He was brilliant militarily for successfully dividing & conquering his opponents
9
Q
Code of Hammurabi
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-Collection of 282 laws with a strict system of justice
10
Q
Epic of Gilgamesh
A
-One of the oldest & most moving stories rooted in the ancient wisdom/tradition of mankind
11
Q
Cuneiform
A
-Earliest known form of writing, distinguished by its wedge shaped marks on clay tablets
12
Q
Paleolithic Age
A
- (Old Stone Age) 1 million to 10,000 B.C.
- Invented stone tools
- People were hunters, fishers, & gatherers
13
Q
Neolithic Age
A
- 10,000-5,000 B.C.
- Discovery of agriculture in Western Asia
- Invention of pottery
14
Q
Manetho
A
- He provided the first study of Egyptian History in the 3rd century B.C.
- We used his list to divide Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
15
Q
Old Kingdom
A
- Menes
- Pyramids built
16
Q
Requirements to be a civilization:
A
- Must have cities
- Distinct Religious Structures
- Military & Political Structures
- Social Economic Classes
- Writing
- Must have significant artistic & intellectual improvements
17
Q
Menes
A
- United Upper & Lower Egypt
- Double Royal Diadem adopted as crown
- Founded the city of Memphis
18
Q
Middle Kingdom
A
- Amenemhet I (Name of Pharaoh first used)
- Golden age for Egypt
19
Q
Heliopolis
A
Sun cult
20
Q
Atum
A
Human form
21
Q
Re
A
Human body with falcon head
22
Q
Book of the Dead
A
An ancient Egyptian funerary text
23
Q
Ka
A
Spirit
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Imhotep
-Famous writer, doctor, & architect who lived & worked in Egypt
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King Khufu
- Father of pyramid building
- Also known by Cheops
- Ruled from 2551-2528 B.C.
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Second Intermediate Period
- Between 1652 B.C. - 1567 B.C.
- Hyksos, a Semitic people from the Arabian peninsula, invaded Egypt
- Bronze Age Technology: New warfare such as the chariot, a heavier sword, & the compound bow
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Hieroglyphics
-Ancient Egyptian formal writing system using pictures
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Ahmose I-18th Dynasty
- Overthrew the Hyksos. Reunited Egypt & formed the New Kingdom
- Launched Egypt on a militaristic/imperialistic path, & employed a professional army
- Vizers were chosen from military to be in charge of state bureaucracy
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Tutankhamon 1347-1338 B.C.
- Became Pharaoh when he was 14
- Reigned for 8-9 years
- Only one wife, Ankhesenamun, his half sister
- Died when he was 25 from an unknown death
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"Sea Peoples"
-Destroyed Egyptian power in Palestine and drove the Egyptians back to their old frontier borders
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Hatshepsut
-Only women Pharaoh
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Herodotus
-Wrote of specializations
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Fringes of Civilization
- Neolithic people of Europe also domesticated animals & farmed
- Megalithic structures: Earliest in Europe 4,000 B.C. (Stonehenge- Best known 2,100 B.C.)
34
Abraham
- First patriarch, brought Hebrews to Canaan from Northern Mesopotamia
- Monotheism
- Yahweh
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Moses
- Mt. Sinai
- Ten Commandments
- Exodus
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Phoenicians
-Western Asian society created by trade, not war
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Carthage
Planted colonies in the Mediterranean
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Assyrians
- Homeland: Northern Iraq
- Spoke Semitic language
- Army between 100,000 & 200,000 strong
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Royal Road of Persia
Susa (capital) to Sardis
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Ten Thousand Immortals
-The King's personal body guards
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King Cyrus
-Persian King that conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia within a 20 year period
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Ahura-Mazda
-god of truth & light
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Ahriman
-god of evil & darkness
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Polis
City-states
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Olympic Games
Began in 776 B.C.
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Sparta
- No colonization
- Constitution of Lycurgus
- Perpetual military state
- All citizens are subordinated to the state
- No private property
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Athens
- Evolution from Monarchy to Democracy
| - Aristocracy with elected rulers
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Solon
-Reform & timocracy
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Cleisthenes
-Rise of Democracy
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Persian Wars 490-479 B.C.
- Ionian Revolt
- Invasion of Greece
- Marathon
- defining moment for Western culture
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Tyranny
Extra-legal rule by one man
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Socrates
Executed by Athens in 399
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Plato
Was taught by Socrates
- Taught in the dialogue form
- Concerned with how one acquires knowledge
- Chief concern: ethics
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Aristotle
Was taught by Plato
- Primary concern: everything
- Organization of human knowledge
- Division of learning into fields & subfields
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Alexander the Great (336-323)
- Conquered most of known world
- Great military leader & ruler
- Educated student of Aristotle
- Reorganized governments of conquered areas
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Crete
Location of Europe's first civilization...Around 2000 B.C.
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King Minos
-Ruled a great sea empire from his palace at Knossos
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Hoplites
-(Infantrymen) Amateur soldiers
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Spartan Government
Two hereditary kings, a council of elders (gerousia), and an assembly of all equals over 30 (apella)
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Thucydides
Wrote about war between Athens & Sparta
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Helot
A member of a class of serfs in ancient Sparta, intermediate in status between salves & citizens
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Messenia
Regional unit in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese
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Pentathlon
Contest featuring five events
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Plebeian
Free people. Most were ordinary people, though some were wealthy
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Patricians
Monopolized the senate & priesthoods, and they did not intermarry with plebeians
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Phalanx
A body of troops, standing or moving in close formation
