Exam 1 Terms Flashcards
(317 cards)
1
Q
aerotolerant
A
grow equally well with to without oxygen
2
Q
bacillus
A
rod shaped bacteria cell
3
Q
bacteria
A
prokaryotes that can be very simplistic or complex, in some cases cause diseases to humans and in other cases live in symbiosis
4
Q
bacterial chromosome
A
most often circular, single stranded
5
Q
biofilm
A
a highly organized highly complex structure formed by multiple bacteria forming an environment together that causes the attraction of other bacteria
6
Q
capsule
A
a bacterial surface coating that makes it district, gelatinous and firmly attached to the cell wall, makes it harder for phagocytosis of bacteria by the immune response
7
Q
coccus
A
circle shaped bacterial cell
8
Q
cytoplasmic membrane
A
the outer layer of the cell that is selective and protect the contents of the cell
9
Q
diplococci/diplobacilli
A
a grouping/arrangement of two bacteria
10
Q
endospore
A
a dormant state of a bacteria that allows for it to live for long periods of time in extreme conditions
11
Q
eukaryote
A
a cell type that contains membrane bound organelles, 80s ribosomes, and is more complex
12
Q
facultative anaerobe
A
grows aerobically when oxygen is present and prefers this but can also go through fermentation pathways when it is absent
13
Q
Fimbriae
A
attachment pilli
14
Q
flagellum
A
a long propeller like structure/appendage that is used to move the cell
15
Q
fungi
A
eukaryotic microbes, including molds and yeasts, can be either uni or multicellular, micro or macroscopic
16
Q
genus
A
a taxonomical grouping of closely related but non-interbreeding species
17
Q
germination
A
transitioning between an endospore into the vegetative state, triggered by favorable environmental conditions
18
Q
glycocalyx
A
a gel like layer outside the cell wall that protects and allows for the attachment to surfaces, composed of primarily polysaccharides but can also contain polypeptides, can be organized as a capsule or slime layer
19
Q
gram stain
A
a four step process used in order to distinguish gram positive bacterial cells from gram negative cells, uses crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer (alcohol), safranin
20
Q
helminth
A
a eukaryotic microbe, parasitic worms, multicellular animals, macroscopic but the eggs and larvae are microscopic
21
Q
inclusion bodies
A
cytoplasmic structures used as storage bodies in the cell, granules
22
Q
lipotechoic and lipopolysaccharides
A
acids that spans the peptidoglycan layer and link the wall to the plasma membrane in the gram positive bacteria
23
Q
mycoplasma
A
a bacteria species that have extremely variable shapes because they lack cell walls
24
Q
murein
A
the peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria
25
nucleoid
the grouping of DNA in prokaryotes since they lack nuclei
26
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
one of the alternating subunits of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
27
N-acetylemuramic (NAM)
one of the alternating subunits of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
28
outer membrane
present in gram negative bacteria, a plasma membrane that surrounds the cell wall for another layer of protection for the cell, contains porin proteins and LPS
29
obligate aerobe
requires oxygen for growth
30
obligate anaerobe
cannot grow in oxygenated environments
31
palisades
arrangement of bacillus bacteria where they look like a white picket fence
32
peptidoglycan
the main substance that makes up the cell wall of bacteria
33
phospholipid bilayer
the cell membrane that contains a double layer of phospholipids with the hydrophilic heads outside and the hydrophobic tails to the outside allowing for it to be semi-permeable
34
pilus
shorter external extensions, made of pilin proteins
35
plasmids
extrachromosomal, circular ds DNA, role in antibiotic resistance and the spread of it
36
pleomorphic
the ability of some bacteria to be able to change their shape and size in response to some changes in the environmental conditions
37
prokaryote
simplistic cells that have no complex membrane bound organelles, 70s ribosomes, circular DNA, electron transport happens in the cell membrane and replicate by binary fission
38
protozoa
single cell parasites that are microscopic
39
serotype
antigenic makeup of a species, when dealing with type of nomeclature
40
sex pilus
a pili that is used to join bacteria during conjugation in order to transfer DNA
41
slime layer
diffuse, irregularly, loosely attached to the cell wall surface coating
42
spirochete
a corkscrew shaped bacteria
43
species
a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
44
sporulation
the process in changing a bacteria from the vegetative state to the endospore state, triggered by nutrient limitation and an adverse environment
45
streptococci/streptobacilli
a line/chain of bacteria arrangement
46
staphylococci/staphylobacilli
a bacterial arrangement that is like a cluster
47
strain
a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species
48
teichoic acid
acid that is linked to the peptidoglycan layer in gram positive cells
49
virus
an obligate intracellular organisms that can only replicate within cells, where they are protected from many components of the host's protective responses such as antibodies
50
acid-fast stain
used to detect mycobacterium, harsh method in order to reduce the waxy fatty acid, mycelia acid in order for the bacteria to be stained
51
agar
solidifying agent that is used as the culture media
52
aseptic technique
method of handling specimens, microbial cultures, and other sources of microbes in a way that minimizes contamination by pathogens
53
broth
the liquid culture media that becomes the base for a culture growth plate
54
bright field microscopy
most widely used, specimen is marked than surrounding field, great for fixed stained specimens
55
capsule stain
a negative stain that colors the background in order to see the cell repelled
56
colony
a visible cluster of cells derived form a single cell deposited on the agar
57
contrast
determines how easily cells can be seen, transparent bacteria lack contrast and are difficult to see against colorless backgrounds, stains increase contrast but kill cells
58
counterstains
the second stain used in differential staining to distinguish what is being observed
59
crystal violet
the first step of gram staining, the peptidoglycan cell walls stain from this
60
culture
a visible growth of microorganisms in a container of media
61
dark field microscopy
brightly illuminated specifics surrounded by dark field, for live specimens
62
decolorizer
the third step in gram staining in order to remove the dye from the structures where the oddest was not able to reach
63
differential medium
contains specific ingredients that displays visible differences between types of microbes in mixtures
64
electron microscopy (TEM or SEM)
forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated to high speeds, magnification between 5000 and 1000000x allows to be able to see very detailed structures
65
enterotube test
contains 12 different biochemical test commonly used to test for enteric pathogens
66
fixed mount
made by drying and heating a film of specimen, the smear is then stained to be able to visualize the cells and its parts
67
flagella stain
adheres to and coats the normally thin flagella in order to make it visible
68
fluorescent microscopy
modified compound microscope with UV radiation, uses fluorescent dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays
69
fluorescently labeled antibody
the dyes used in fluorescent microscopy, labeled with antibodies in order to recognize specific surface proteins on a microorganism
70
general purpose media
grows a broad range of microbes
71
genetic tests
detection of specific bacterial nucleic acids by PCR, 16s ribosomal sequencing
72
growth factors
different things that aid in the growth of a cell or culture
73
hanging drop preparation
allow examination of characteristics of live cells, motility, shape, arrangement, also called wet mounts
74
incubate
allowing for a culture to grow in optimal environmental conditions, incubators
75
inoculating loop
a stick that is used to pick up cultures and move them in order to grow them
76
inoculation
placing a sample on a sterile medium providing the appropriate nutrients for growth
77
inoculum
the first cels used in order to inoculate a plate
78
isolation
ideally the end results of inoculation on a solid media and incubation is sedation of colonies from one another
79
liquid media
broth, does not solidify
80
magnification
make objects appear to be larger
81
media
a nutritive substance used in order to grow cultures
82
microscopy
used to observe stained slides of cultures to assess cell morphology, arrangement, motility, cell structures, etc.
83
mixed culture
a culture that contains more than one type of organism growing in a sterile medium
84
negative stain
a stain that stains the background rather than the cell in order to make the cell stand out, used in order to see capsules
85
PCR
a genetic method that uses sequence-specific primers to amplify selected sequences and make millions of copies
86
pure culture
a culture of bacteria that contain only one type of bacterial species
87
phase contrast
transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures in unstained samples
88
resolving power
the ability to show detail
89
safranin
the last step in gram stains that due the peptidoglycan layer that is not stained from the violet (gram negative)
90
selective medium
contains inhibitory substances that suppress the growth of all but one or a few microorganisms
91
smear
the culture that is present on a fixed mount
92
spore stain
heat is used in order to facilitate the uptake of primary due by a spore that normally does not take up stains, counterstains are used in order to visualize other cells
93
streak plate method
a technique used for isolating colonies on a plate with a liquid culture
94
subculture
a new cell or culture that is made by transferring cells from a previous culture to a fresh growth medium
95
wet mount
the same thing as hanging drop preparation
96
acidusic
bacteria that are resistant to acid
97
acidiphile
bacteria that like low pH levels, acidity
98
aerobe
grows in the presence of oxygen
99
aerotolerant
grows in the presence of oxygen but is only tolerant to it
100
anaerobe
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
101
binary fission
growth of a bacterial cell, the diving of one cell into two
102
cell counter
method of counting the number of cells that are viable in a community
103
colony forming unit (CFU)
a measure of bible cells in which a colony represents an aggregate of cells derived from a single progenitor cell
104
death/decline phase
the last phase of typical bacterial growth curve where more cells are dying than cells being made so the overall community is dying off
105
direct/total cell count
includes cells that are viable and dead
106
direct/total cell count
includes ells that are viable and dead
107
exponential growth
rapid rate of growth of bacterial cells where they double each time
108
generation/doubling time
the time it takes for one bacterial cell to become two
109
growth curve
the urge that explains the generation time of bacterial culture, four stages
110
halophiles obligate
bacteria that requires high salt concentrations
111
halophiles facultative
bacteria that arable to withstand 10-20% salt concentration
112
heterotroph
an organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy through organic substances usually produced by others
113
hypertonic
solutions have greater solute concentrations than the cells
114
hypotonic
solutions have lower solute concentrations than the cells
115
inorganic
something unrelated to organic matter or organic like, chemical compound that does not contain carbon
116
isotonic
solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as in the cell
117
lag phase
the first phase of growth curve where the cells are not producing rapidly just yet as they adjust to the environment
118
log phase
exponential stage of the growth curve where the bacterial cells are rapidly dividing
119
mesophiles
bacteria that grow when only a little bit of oxygen is present
120
microaerophiles
bacteria that grow when only a little bit of oxygen is present
121
osmosis
the diffusion of water from areas of lower solute concertino to areas of higher solute concentration
122
osmolysis
rapture of a cell membrane due to excessive accumulation of solvent
123
pH
measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, measure of the acidity/alkalinity
124
psychrophile
bacteria who grow and survive at very cold temperatures
125
psychrotroph
bacteria who are able to survive at cold temperatures
126
serial dilution
a step wise dilution of a substance in a solution
127
spectrophotometer
an apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum
128
stationary phase
the third stage in the growth curve where there is equal amounts of cells being produced and cells dying off so the size stays consistent, usually due to not enough space
129
thermophile
bacteria that sure at higher temps than body temperature
130
thioglycollate medium
a growth medium in a test tube that reveals how bacteria grow in response to oxygen based on what portion of the tube they grow in
131
turgid
when cells with cell walls increase in size in hypotonic solutions and push on the cell walls
132
turbidity
measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates
133
acyl-homoserine lactones
communication between gram negative cells, quorum sensing
134
autoinducer
molecules that stimulate expression of a particular gene and synthesis of a protein product
135
autoinducer-2
communication between both gram positive and negative bacteria, quorum sensing
136
autoinducing oligopeptides
communication between gram positive bacteria, quorum sensing
137
extracellular polymeric substances
the glycocalyx portion of the biofilm that is produced by the bacterial cells, consists of polymers of DNA, proteins, polysaccharides
138
persister cells
dormant variants of regular cells that form randomly in microbial populations, highly tolerant to antibiotics
139
planktonic
single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium
140
quorum sensing
communication between different bacterial cells in a biofilm, dependent on the density of the film, using molecules to communicate and elicit a response
141
active site
the region of an enzyme in substrate-level phosphorylation where the substrate and ADP binds in order to go through phosphorylation
142
acetyl coA
the production of pyruvate is turned into that is 2 carbons long and goes into the krebs cycle after processing
143
aerobic respiration
process of growing through respiration when oxygen is present, therefore oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor in order to produce energy
144
anabolism
pathways that consume energy in order to synthesize products
145
anaerobic respiration
process of going through respiration without oxygen, therefore they still go through respiring steps however an inorganic oxygen containing molecule is used as the terminal electron acceptor and not just oxygen
146
ATP
adenosine tri-phosphate, holds a lot of energy in the last bond between phosphates and is broken in order to release high amounts of energy
147
ATP synthase
an enzyme after the electron transport chain that is used to crete ATP by using the H+ gradient across the membrane to travel down to "turn" the wheel putting the third P onto ADP to form ATP
148
biosynthesis
a multi-step, enzyme catalyzed process where the substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms, simple compounds are modified, converted into otters compounds or joined together to form macromolecules
149
catabolism
processes that break compounds down in order to produce energy
150
cellular respiration
three stages involved, follows glycolysis
1. synthesis of acetyl-coA
2. krebs cycle
3. electron transport chain - final series of redox reactions
151
chemiosmosis
use of electrochemical gradients to generate ATP, protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase that phosphorylates ADP to ATP
152
cytochrome oxidase
large protein complex in the mitochondrial inner membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes that is involved in the electron transport chain in respiration
153
electron
a negatively charged particle
154
electron carrier
a molecule that is able to contain an electron and give it away
155
electron transport chain
the enzyme complex in the membrane that produces the large H+ gradient in order to power ATPase
156
enzyme
a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism
157
FADH2
a redox cofactor that is created in the krebs cycle that is in its reduced form
158
fermentation
obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes in the absence of oxygen use this process in stead of respiration, yields 2 ATP, purpose is to regenerate the oxidized electron carrier NAD+ in order to go through glycolysis again
159
glucose
the 6 carbon molecule that starts in glycolysis
160
glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells, oxygen is not involved in this step, takes in glucose in order to produces 2 3 carbon molecules, first step in metabolism for both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
161
TCA or Krebs cycle
the step that acetyl coA enters in order to produce a reducing power to be used in the electron transport chain and also produces 2 ATP
162
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
163
NADH
the reduce form of NAD+ that peso into the ETC and also into fermentation
164
oxidative phosphorylation
the process of converting ADP to ATP using the energy of the H+ gradient and the ATP synthase in the membrane
165
oxidizing agent
a compound that is reduced and gains electrons
166
oxidized
when a compound has lost electrons
167
phosphorylate
the addition of an inorganic phosphate to a substrate
168
precursor metabolite
a smaller compound that is used to produce others
169
proton gradient/proton motive force
the gradient produced across the membrane that powers the ATPase to create ATP
170
proton pump
the process of the electron transport chain pumping protons across the membrane in order to create a gradient
171
pyruvate
the 3 carbon compound glucose is converted into through glycolysis
172
redox reactions
reactions where one substance loses electrons by giving them to another substance, the one that loses them is oxidation and the one that gains is reduction
173
reduced
when a compound gains electrons
174
reducing agent
a compound that is oxidized and loses electrons
175
reducing power
the capability of compounds such as NADH and NADPH to donate H+ and electrons in reduction reactions in the cell
176
respiration
the process of using electrons to produce ATP
177
substrate
a compound on which enzymes work on
178
substrate level phosphorylation
the creation of ATP using an enzyme with an active site to use energy to combine ADP and P into ATP
179
terminal electron acceptor
the final acceptor of electrons in respiration, in aerobic it is oxygen, in anaerobic it is an inorganic substance that contains oxygen
180
arginine operon
an example of a repressible operon where the build up of arginine after constant transcription leads to the arginine acting as a corepressor binding to the repressor and turning transcription off
181
bacteriophage
a bacteria for viruses, able to have gene transfer via these
182
CAP
catabolite gene-activator protein, works in catabolite regulation in the lac operon where when it is bound to cAMP it binds to the lac operon promoter and enhance the RNA pol binding and increases expression
183
complementary DNA
a DNA stand that is a compliment of the reading strand
184
conjugation
form of gene transfer in bacteria via a sex plus and transferring DNA through it
185
competent
a physiological state where a bacterial cell is able to take in free floating DNA from a solution and incorporate it into tits genome
186
diploid
two copies of DNA
187
extrachromosomal DNA
any DNA that is found outside the nucleus
188
F plasmid
the plasmid that has an origin to transfer and is transferred between two cells in conjugation
189
formyl-methionine
the initiator tRNA in prokaryotic translation
190
frameshift mutation
the addition or deletion of a base in a strand of DNA that causes for the reading frame of the codons to shift
191
genome
the complete set of genes in an organism
192
genotype
sequence of nucleotides in DNA, an organism's genetic/DNA makeup
193
haploid
having one copy of DNA
194
Hfr
a bacterial cell that has the f plasmid incorporated into its genome, high frequency of recombination cell
195
induced mutations
mutations caused by exposure to mutagens whether they are physical or chemical
196
intron
parts of eukaryotic gene that are the coding sequence
197
intercalating agents
chemical mutagens that are flat and add themselves between bases in a DNA sequence that then causes an opening that allows for addition or deletion of a single base in replication
198
lac operon
an inducible operon, where the presence of lactose induces the repressor to come off and transcription to occur, there is also a catabolite regulation part involving glucose
199
lytic phage
a phage that causes the destruction of a bacterial cell after its DNA has been replicated
200
missense mutation
a mutation that causes a slightly different amino acid to be added, usually doesn't have add too much of a problem to the cell
201
monocistronic
a gene only reads for one protein
202
mutagens
agent that induces a change
203
naked DNA
DNA that is free floating and not part of a chromosome in any genome
204
natural selection
process that selects what organisms live and reproduce viable offspring based on its fitness level in the environment it lives in
205
nonsense mutation
causes a premature stop codon and ends the polypeptide sequence early
206
nucleotide analog
compounds that resemble the nucleotide bases but are actually not, the go in the place of the actual bases in replication and cause mutations
207
operator
region of an operon where the repressor binds to
208
operon
a collection of genes in a single polycistronic message that are regulated as a single unit for products with a coordinated function
209
origin of replication
the point in DNA where replication starts
210
phenotype
the physical, observable characteristics that are based on genotype
211
pilus
the cell component that stretches out and connects two bacterial cells together in conjugation
212
point mutations
a change in a single base pair
213
polymerase
the enzyme that takes part in replication and reading of a DNA strand in transcription
214
polycistronic
a string of a gene that is responsible for multiple proteins
215
promoter
region in an operon/DNA sequence that the polymerase attaches to in order to go through transcription
216
recombinant
DNA that is a combination of its own DNA and the added DNA from recombination of sequences
217
redundancy
the genetic code is degenerate in that it has multiple codons that code for the same amino acid, 64 codons for 20 amino acids
218
regulator
something that controls whether or not an operon is turned on to its highest extent or not
219
repressor
the unit that stops/shuts off an operon from transcribing
220
R plasmids
plasmids that contains genes for antibiotic resistance
221
sigma factor
the subunit that loosely attaches to RNA pol that recognizes a promoter in transcription
222
silent mutation
no change in the main acid sequence of the polypeptide, the new codon after a point mutation calls for the same amino acid
223
spontaneous mutation
mutations that occurs randomly due to errors in DNA replication
224
start codon
AUG, the codon to start translation
225
supercoiling
the process of packing DNA tightly that prokaryotes use for organization of their genome
226
temperate phage
a phage that incorporates its genome into a cell for it to be replicated and then passed off to the progeny of the bacterial cell and then eventually goes through the lytic phage cycle
227
transcription
DNA --> RNA
228
transduction
the gene transfer using phages to transfer gene sequence from one bacterial cell to another
229
generalized transduction
uses lytic phages
230
specialized transduction
uses temperate phages
231
transition mutation
purine to purine, pyrimidine to pyrimidine
232
tranversion mutation
purine to pyrimidine, pyrimidine to purine
233
transposable elements
moveable DNA elements that move themselves from one location in a single cell to another location in the same cell
234
transformation
the transfer of genes via the uptake of free floating naked DNA strands
235
translation
mRNA --> proteins
236
wild type
the typical phenotype of strains isolated from nature
237
aminoglycosides
antibiotic that prevents protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosome subunit and causing the misreading of the mRNA leading to the premature release of the mRNA
238
bactericidal
level of antibiotic that kills the bacterium
239
bacteriostatic
level of antibiotic that inhibits growth of the bacteria but doesn't otherwise kill the living bacteria
240
beta lactam antibiotics
antibiotics that work by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the final step of synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls by binding to the transpeptidase that cross links the NAM subunits
241
beta lactamase
the enzyme that some bacteria have produced that breaks down the beta lactic dugs in order to be resistant to them
242
broad spectrum antibiotics
antibiotics that are able dot kill many types of bacteria
243
narrow spectrum antibiotics
antibiotics that are specific to what bacteria it effects
244
cephalosporin
a beta lactam antibiotic that has slightly different side chains distinguishing them
245
competitive enzyme inhibitor
a molecule that inhibits the binding of an enzyme to what it works on by binding to it and causing it to not work properly
246
diffusion test
kirby bauer disc test or e test
247
drug spectrum of activity
a spectrum of different types of antibiotics that shows what types of bacteria they work against
248
efflux pump
a pump in some bacteria that they have in the cell membrane to be resistant to the antibiotics by taking up the drugs once they are in the cell and immediately pumping them back out of the cells with the pump
249
E test
using a lawn of bacteria, place a strip that has a gradient of amount of antibiotic on it and allow to grow and see where the minimal inhibitory concentration is for the antibiotic dependent where growth is and is not in relation to the gradient
250
fluoroquinolone
antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting work of topoisomerase in the bacteria, in particular DNA gyros, has the chance of effecting humans
251
folic acid
an intermediate that is necessary in order to produce purines pyrimidines, amino acids, in bacteria it must be produced therefore there is a necessary metabolic pathway that produces this and can be targeted by antibiotics since humans obtain this through diet and do not make it
252
gyrase
a topoisomerase that works in the synthesis of nucleic acids
253
glycoprotein
vanocomycin, an antibiotic that binds to the D-Ala-D-ALa peptide side chain in the NAM molecules to block the addition of new peptidoglycan
254
Kirby Bauer disc test
using a lawn of bacteria, place antibiotic soaked paper discs on the lawn and allow to grow, see if there is growth or not, if there is a zone of inhibition this means the antibiotic works, if no zone the bacteria is resistant
255
lincosamide
antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by to the 50s ribosomes and blocking proper mRNA movement through the ribosome
256
macrolides
antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome and blocking proper mRNA movement through the ribosome
257
minimal inhibitory concentration
the smallest amount of antibiotic required in order to inhibit the growth of bacteria
258
NDM-1 gene
a gene in some bacteria that encodes for carbapenemase that makes them resistant to carbapenems which is the last resort drug, this is very concerning because there might not be many ways to treat bacteria that have this gene
259
opportunistic infection
infections that occur when the normal microbiota has been depleted and pathogens are able to take over
260
PABA
competes with sulfa drugs in the bacteria in the folic acid synthesis pathway
261
penicillin
a beta lactam antibiotic that functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis by preventing transpeptidation
262
penicillinase
an enzyme produced in resistant bacteria that inhibits the efforts of penicillin
263
polymyxin
antibiotics that disrupts the function of the cell membrane by interacting with the phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the membrane compromising the integrity of the membrane and breaking it up
264
prophylaxis
an action taken to prevent disease, i.e. prescribing antibiotics in order to inhibit the start of an infection
265
selective toxicity
drugs used effect some type of cell but do not effect others, i.e. antibiotic interactions
266
sulfonamide/sulfa drug
antibiotics that are analogs of essential metabolites in folic acid synthesis and are therefore able to compete with the metabolites and block synthesis
267
tetracycline
antibiotics that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomes and blocking the docking spot for tRNA
268
therapeutic index
balancing the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug, the lowest dose toxic to a patient over the therapeutic dose
269
topoisomerase
enzyme used in nucleic acid synthesized, i.e. DNA gyrase
270
transpeptidase
penicillin binding protein that cross links the NAM subunits in peptidoglycan
271
vanomycin
antibiotics that blocks the addition of NAM subunits to the pre-existing cell wall
272
alcohol
intermediate level chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
273
aldehyde
intermediate level at low concentrations, high at high concentrations for extended periods disinfectant/antiseptic
274
antisepsis
reduction of virtually all recognized pathogens but no necessarily all microbial life forms on living tissues
275
aseptic
free of all recognized pathogens
276
autoclave
a device used to sterilize equipment by subjecting them to pressurized steam
277
bis biguanide
low level liquid chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
278
Bloodborne Pathogens standard
1991, 2001, OSHA put in place in order to protect workers who can reasonably anticipate to come into contact with blood of OPIM as a result of doing their job, the standard requirements state what employers must do in order to protect workers who are occupationally exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials
279
CDC
center for disease control, protects both the patient and health care workers
280
contact time
the recommended time to keep the surfaces wet in order for full disinfection, often 10 minutes
281
critical patient-care item
greatest risk of transmitting infections, penetrates the soft tissue, contacts bone, enters into or contacts the bloodstream or other normally sterile tissues: heat sterilize between uses or use single-use, disposable devices
282
degermation
mechanical removal of microbes and debris from living tissues to substantially reduce their levels to meet accepted health standards
283
detergent
low level chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
284
disinfection
using physical or chemical means to destroy virtually all recognized pathogens but not necessarily all microbial life forms or on inanimate objects
285
endospore
metabolically inert form of bacteria, protective shell, only destroyed by sterilization
286
ethylene oxide
gas that is a sterilant at room temperature, used to sterilize things that are water and temperature sensitive
287
germicide
an antiseptic that kills bacteria and pathogens
288
halogens
intermediate level chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
289
HEPA filter
used to filter air, removes microbes large than 0.3um, considered to disinfect air
290
hepatitis B
viral infection that can be obtained through contact with infected bodily fluid, 1-31% chance through needle prick
291
hepatitis C
viral infection that can be obtained through contact with infected bodily fluid, 1.8% chance though needle prick
292
high level disinfectant
chemical germicide registered by the FDA, inactivates all microbes with the exception of high numbers of bacterial spores, with prolonged exposure can inactive bacterial spores and therefore acts as a sterilant
293
HIV
viral infection that can be obtained through contact with infected bodily fluid, 0.3% chance though needle prick or 0.1% from blood splash
294
hydrogen peroxide
a peroxide that is an intermediate at low concentrations or a high at high concentrations for long exposure disinfectant/antiseptic
295
intermediate level disinfectant
chemical germicide registered by the EPA, as a "hospital disinfectant that is tuberculocidal" but does not inactivate spores necessarily
296
iodophor
an antiseptic and disinfectant that releases free iodine into solution
297
ionizing radiation
forms of radiation that kills microorganisms and viruses, damages DNA and produces peroxides, acts as a powerful oxidizing agent, X-rays, cathode, gamma, causes sterilization
298
low level disinfectant
chemical germicide that eliminates most vegetative bacteria, some fun, and some viruses, cannot be relied on to kill more resistant microbes such as mycobacterium and spores
299
non-critical patient care item
pose the least risk for transmission, contact with intact skin: clean and disinfect using a low level disinfectant, if it is visibly contaminated with blood then use intermediate level disinfectant
300
nonionizing radiation
radiation that does not carry enough energy per photon to ionize atoms or molecules, UV, causes disinfection
301
OPIM
other potentially infectious materials
302
OSHA
occupational safety and health administration, protects health care personnel only, regulatory by law
303
pasteurization
boiling water, causes disinfection
304
peroxide
intermediate at low concentrations, high at high level concentrations for long exposure, chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
305
phenol
low to intermediate level chemical disinfectant/antiseptic
306
PPE
personal protective equipment, to keep the health care professionals at a safer risk from injury
307
precleaning
cleaning off instruments of organic material because sterilization
308
sanitization
mechanical removal of microbes and debris from inanimate objects to substantially reduce their levels to meet accepted health standards (not a specific level of control)
309
semi-critical patient care item
has a lower risk of disease transmission, contacts mucous membranes or non-intact skin, but will not penetrate soft tissue, contact bones, or enter into or contact with the bloodstream or other normally sterile tissues: heat sterilize or high level disinfectant registered with the FDA
310
soil
an object that is no longer sterile
311
sporicidal
able to kill bacterial spores
312
standard precautions
minimum infection prevention practices recommended by the CDC that apply to all patient care, regardless of the suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient in any setting where healthcare is delivered
313
sterilant
a chemical that can be used in order to sterilize a substance, has to be a high level decontaminant
314
sterile
to be free from all microorganisms including bacterial spores
315
sterilization
using physical or chemical means to kill all microorganisms, including spores on inanimate objects
316
tuberculocidal
able to kill mycoplasma
317
universal precautions
based on treating all human blood and body fluids including saliva as potentially infectious
