Exam 1 Terms

Question 1

Sugar

Answer 1

molecules in carbohydrates that the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen form in

Question 2

Monosaccharide

Answer 2

carbohydrates that are composed of 1 simple sugar molecule. They are characterized by how many carbon atoms they contain. But usually the most important and numerous contain 5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbon atoms

Question 3

Disaccharide

Answer 3

carbohydrates composed of 2 sugar molecules. They are characterized by how the molecules are hooked together. Ex. maltose, cellobiose, sucrose and lactose.

Question 4

Polysaccharide

Answer 4

carbohydrate composed of 3 or more sugars. 3 major polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Question 5

Starch

Answer 5

repeating units of maltose (which in turn was repeating units of glucose) connected with alpha bonds, so it is all glucose. Polysaccharide. Primary digestible polysaccharide in plants. amylose and amylopectin

Question 6

Cellulose

Answer 6

polysaccharide high in cell walls. beta bonds of glucose

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

highly branched chain polysaccharide of glucose in animals (similar to amylopectin). Ready energy source. Stored in animal cells. Amount is very limited

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); most important sugar; found free in nature; it is blood sugar; many complex sugar molecules contain glucose; monosaccharide

Question 9

Ribose

Answer 9

sugar molecule in DNA and RNA. Most important molecule because DNA is genetic material of life. From nutritional point of view it is non-remarkable and not essential in the diet. Though it’s crucial in living cells we don’t need to eat any because the body will form it from other substances in the metabolism in the body

Question 10

Fructose

Answer 10

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); it is found both combined and free in nature. It is combined with glucose in table sugar and it is high in semen to support sperm. monosaccharide from fruit.

Question 11

Galactose

Answer 11

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms); only found combined in nature. It is combined with glucose in milk. monosaccharide

Question 12

Maltose

Answer 12

disaccharide composed of 2 units of glucose connected by an alpha bond

Question 13

Cellobiose

Answer 13

disaccharide composed of 2 units of glucose connected by a beta bond. repeating units of cellobiose. No animal makes an enzyme that can digest beta bonds (except some bacteria). The beta bond imparts a structural rigidity that makes the fibrous nature so different from starch

Question 14

Hemicellulose

Answer 14

polysaccharide Up to 40% of CHO in forages. Complex mix of glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, galactose. Principle component of plant cell walls. easier to digest than cellulose, but allied with lignin

Question 15

Lignin

Answer 15

totally indigestible polysaccharide

Question 16

Amylase

Answer 16

enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars

Question 17

Amylopectin

Answer 17

polysaccharide starch branched chain molecule

Question 18

Amylose

Answer 18

polysaccharide starch straight chain molecule

Question 19

Cellulase

Answer 19

refers to a group of enzymes which, acting together, hydrolyze cellulose. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of glucose residues connected by β-1,4 linkages.

Question 20

Xylose

Answer 20

pentose (5 carbon atoms) monosaccharide

Question 21

Mannose

Answer 21

hexose (contains 6 carbon atoms) does not occur free in nature but occurs combined in polysaccharides; monosaccharide

Question 22

Acetic Acid

Answer 22

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 2 carbon atoms - CH3COOH

Question 23

Butyric Acid

Answer 23

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 4 carbon atoms - CH3CH2CH2COOH

Question 24

Palmitic Acid

Answer 24

long chain saturated fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms - CH3(CH2)14COOH

Question 25

Stearic Acid

Answer 25

long chain saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms - CH3(CH2)16COOH

Question 26

Oleic Acid

Answer 26

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential with 18 carbon atoms and 1 double bond

Question 27

Linoleic Acid

Answer 27

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is an essential fatty acid with 18 carbon atom and 2 double bonds

Question 28

Arachidonic acid

Answer 28

long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is an essential fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and 4 double bonds

Question 29

Essential Fatty Acid

Answer 29

ong chain unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (18 carbon atoms, 2 double bonds), linolenic acid (18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds), arachidonic acid (20 carbon atoms, 4 double bonds)

Question 30

Glycerol

Answer 30

a simple monomer of fats; found in triglycerides

Question 31

propionic acid

Answer 31

volatile fatty acid, important in rumen fermentation, with 3 carbon atoms - CH3CH2COOH

Question 32

triglyceride (di-, mono-)

Answer 32

Glycerides are molecules of one glycerol with one (mono), two (di), or three (tri) fatty acids

Question 33

Valine

Answer 33

Essential Branched chain AA Rare, inherited metabolic disease in which there is a failure of oxidative decarboxylation breakdown of valine, leucine, and isoleucine which results in maple syrup urine disease, named because of the characteristic odor in the urine. an ideal protein would contain 70 to 80% as much valine as lysine.

Question 34

Tryptophan

Answer 34

the second most limiting AA in corn diets for pigs (First or second depending on circumstances) Can be used to form the vitamin niacin. Not relied upon to meet the animal’s needs. (This is because feeds are usually low in tryptophan and the synthesis is insufficient to meet their daily needs). Useful in aiding sleep Skatole and indole can be formed from it’s breakdown in large intestine by bacteria (Foul odors)

Question 35

Threonine

Answer 35

Essential Third or fourth limiting AA in many cases would become a limiting amino acid in corn diets for pigs if high levels of lysine, and possibly tryptophan and methionine, were supplemented replacing protein

Question 36

Isoleucine

Answer 36

A branched chain amino acid. An ideal protein would contain 1/2 as much isoleucine as lysine. A rare, inherited metabolic disease in which there is a failure of oxidative decarboxylation (breakdown) of valine, leucine, and isoleucine results in maple syrup usrine disease, named because of the characteristic odor of the urine.

Question 37

Methionine

Answer 37

Essential A sulfur-containing AA (Only one of the 10 essential AA’s) Often not present in sufficient supply in feeds A portion of the methionine requirement CAN be met from cystine (another sulfur-containing AA). Can act as a methyl donor (Involved in the synthesis of many important compounds in the body, like epinephrine and choline). “Ideal protein” consists of: ½ Methionine + cystine as lysine Both D and L isomers are biologically active Can be chemically synthesized and economically purchased for diets

Question 38

Histidine

Answer 38

Essential Contains an imidazole groups Precursor of histamine An “ideal protein” would contain 33% as much histidine as lysine. Contains an imidazole group. It is a precursor of histamine.

Question 39

Lysine

Answer 39

Essential tickets The most important limiting AA in corn and most grains for swine and poultry. Can buy lysine synthetic and add it to diets Has to be created biologically. Diets balanced for lysine will contains most other AA’s in excess of requirement If natural sources of good quality proteins are used.

Question 40

Leucine

Answer 40

Essential BUT abundant Branched chain AA Usually have more than we want Abundant in corn protein and many other grain proteins, and is not therefore a concern to supplement Only the L isomer has a biological value. “Ideal protein” would contain 100% leucine as lysine

Question 41

Peptide bond

Answer 41

the bond through which amino acids connect; the OH from one amino acid and the NH from another become H20, connecting N to C (n-c terminus)

Question 42

Polypeptide

Answer 42

multiple proteins linked together by peptide bonds

Question 43

crude protein

Answer 43

N x 6.25 = Crude Protein analysis of the amount of N and multiply the amount of N by 6.25; able to do this because proteins on average contain 16% Nitrogen - out estimate of true protein based on N content

Question 44

True protein

Answer 44

complex things made of amino acid connected by peptide bonds in long, complicated chains

Question 45

NPN

Answer 45

non-protein nitrogen Ruminants can use NPN because the bacteria in the rumen can use it to build their own AA’s

Question 46

Argenine

Answer 46

Essential Precursor of the urea in the body (Urea is the form in which nitrogen is removed from mammals) Formation: with normal breakdown of protein and deamination of amino acids Especially critical in cats