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adolescent development > exam 1 textbook terms > Flashcards

exam 1 textbook terms Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

the system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A

highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands

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3
Q

glands

A

organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones

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4
Q

GnRH neurons

A

specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones

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5
Q

set point

A

a physiological level or setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system

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6
Q

feedback loop

A

a cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

a part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland

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9
Q

gonads

A

the glands that secrete sex hormons, in males the testes in females the ovaries

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10
Q

androgens

A

a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty

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11
Q

estrogens

A

a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty

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12
Q

HPG axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal - the neurophysical pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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13
Q

adrenarche

A

the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence

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14
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone produced when a person is exposed to stress

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15
Q

kisspeptin

A

a brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty

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16
Q

leptin

A

a protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin

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17
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin

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18
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A

the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during pubety

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19
Q

peak height velocity

A

the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly

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20
Q

epiphysis

A

the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after adolescent growth spurt has been completed

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21
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice

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22
Q

tanner stages

A

a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development

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23
Q

menarche

A

the time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty

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24
Q

pheromones

A

a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species

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25
secular trend
the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in status and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition
26
cross-sectional study
a study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time
27
longitudinal study
a study that follows the same group of individuals over time
28
delayed phase preference
a pattern of sleep charcterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty
29
basal metabolism rate
the minimal amount of energy used by the body during the resting stage
30
body mass index (BMI)
a measure of an individuals body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge over-weight and obesity
31
disordered eating
mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes
32
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss
33
bullimia
an eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting
34
binge eating disorder
an eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight
35
adolescent health care
a field of study and health care devoted to understanding the health care needs of individuals during the second decade of life
36
graduated driver licensing
a licensing system in which full adult driving privileges are not granted all at once to teen drivers, but phased over time
37
deductive reasoning
a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens
38
metacognition
the process of thinking about thinking itself
39
imaginary audience
the belief, often brought on by the heightened self consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating ones behavior
40
personal fable
an adolescents belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior
41
cognitive-developmental view
a perspective on development based on the work of piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach
42
sensorimotor period
the first stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning the period roughyl between birth and age 2
43
preoperational period
the second stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5
44
concrete operations
the third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence
45
formal operations
the fourth stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood
46
information-processing perspective
a perspective on cognition that derives from the study of AI, and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)
47
selective attention
the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another
48
divided attention
the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time
49
working memory
that aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved
50
long-term memory
the ability to recall something from a long time ago
51
autobiographical memory
the recall of personally meaningful past events
52
reminiscence bump
the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life
53
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while subject is performing some sort of mental task
54
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions
55
brain structure
the physical form and organization of the brain
56
brain function
patterns of brain activity
57
electroencephalography EEG
a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations on the scalp
58
event-related potentials (ERPs)
changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events
59
neurons
nerve cells
60
synapse
the gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses
61
neurotransmitters
specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons
62
synaptic pruning
the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing
63
myelination
the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing
64
plasticity
the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience
65
developmental plasticity
extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence while the brain is still maturing
66
adult plasticity
relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during childhood, after the brain has matured
67
prefrontal cortex
the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks, rewards, and controlling impulses
68
limbic system
an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment
69
response inhibition
the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required
70
executive function
more advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, escpecially in early adolescence
71
functional connectivity
the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence
72
dopamine
a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward
73
serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods
74
zone of proximal development
in Vygotskys theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills
75
scaffolding
structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the react of the student
76
social cognition
the aspect of cognition that concerns people about interpersonal relations and about social institutions
77
mentalizing
the ability to understand someone elses mental state
78
theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from ones own
79
social conventions
the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations
80
behavioral decision theory
an approach to understanding adolescent risk-taking, in which behaviors are seen as the out-come of systematic decision making processes
81
sensation-seeking
the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting
82
social redefinition
the process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society
83
age of majority
the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult
84
statutory rape
sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent in the United States the specific age of consent may vary
85
inventionists
theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention
86
child protectionists
individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace
87
teenager
a term popularized about 50 years ago, to refer to young people; it connotated a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did adolescent
88
youth
today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18 to 22, it once referred to individuals ages 12 to 24
89
initiation ceremony
the formal induction of a young person into adulthood
90
status offense
a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults
91
juvenile justice system
a seperate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency
92
criminal justice system
the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime
93
cohort
a group of individuals born during the same general historical era
94
quinceanera
an elaborate sort of coming out celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many latino communities
95
Bar (Bas) Mitzvah
in judaism, the religious ceremony marking the young persons transition into adulthood
96
scarification
the intentional creation of scars on some parts or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony
97
circumcision
a procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered
98
female genital mutilation
the cutting or removing of the clitoris, performed in some cultures as part of the initiation of female adolescents
99
baby boom
the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large
100
continuous transitions
passages into adulthood which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually
101
discontinuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly
102
collective efficacy
a communitys social capital, derived from its members common values and goals

adolescent development (3 decks)

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