Exam 1, Unit 2: Measures Flashcards
(31 cards)
Comorbidity
Meeting criteria for more than one disorder
-50% ppl 1 disorder, have another
-Depression and anxiety often comorbid
-Checklist on DSM makes overlap easy
Culture-Bound syndromes
Unique set of symptoms that appear only in a specific ethnic or racial groups
(ex: Attack of the nerves)
Etiology
The cause of a psych. disorder
Developmental & Cultural Factors Influencing Diagnosis
1- Symptoms can vary by age
2- Prevalence of disorders varies by sex
3- Symptoms/prevalence influenced by race/ethnicity
Developmental & Cultural considerations– choosing assessment instrument/measure
1- Chronological age & developmental status
2- Cultural factors: educational background, language, cultural beliefs/values
Harms of categorical diagnostic system
-Overgeneralizations –> different presentations
-Stereotyped conceptions of disorders (put in box)
-Labeling –> self fulfilling prophecy –> stigmas
-Variations of beh. can be over medicalized
Dimensional Model– alternative to DSM
Symptoms of disorders are simply extreme variations of normal experience
PROS:
-Better description of difficulties across multiple areas
-Better understanding symptom doesn’t fit in category
-Allows them deal w those w diff. characteristics/values (homogeneity problem)
Cons of Dimensional model of diagnosis
-Difficulty sharing and communicating info
-Disagreement on type and number of dimensions
-Categories easier for clinical decision making
Clinical assessment
Gathering of info to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of patient’s psych. problems
Steps of clinical assessment
- Referral questions
- Assessment procedures/measures
- Integrate all data, develop preliminary answers
(think autism diagnosis process)
Goals of clinical assessments
- Screening– assessment process to predict risk future problems or ID ppl w potential disorders
- Diagnosis and treatment planning
- Outcome evaluation– measure treatment outcome
Screening
Assessment process to predict the risk of future problems or ID those w/ potential psych. disorders
Outcome evaluation
Examines patient’s treatment progress using multiple assessments regularly
Clinical significance
Degree to which change in patient’s symptoms is meaningful
Properties of assessment instruments
- Standardization
- Normative comparisons
- Self-referent comparisons
- Reliability
- Validity
Standardization
Evaluating scores so one can make (normative or self-reference) comparisons
Normative comparisons
Comparing scores of sample representatives of population/subgroup
Self-referent comparisons
Compare responses w/ prior performance
Reliability
Consistency
-test-retest- consistency overtime
-inter-rater- consistancy across raters
Validity
How well measures what supposed to measure
-Construct validity- how well measures construct
-Criterion validity- how well measure correlates w other measures
-predictive validity- ability to predict performance at future time
Sensitivity of measure
Measure’s ability to identify a problem if it exists
Specificity
Percent of time accurately identifies absence of a problem
Features of useful screening measures
-specificity and sensitivity
Clinical Interview
Conversation to gain more information about client throughout treatment, screening, or diagnostic process
