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EBP > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical Significance

A

The practical importance of research results in terms of whether they have genuine, palpable effects on the daily lives of patients or on the health care decisions made on their behalf.

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2
Q

Constructivist Paradigm

A

There are multiple interpretations of reality and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their context

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3
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

Making clinical decisions based on an integration of the best available evidence, most often from disciplined research, with clinical expertise and patient preferences

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4
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which the research methods justify the inference that the findings are true for a broader group than study participants; in particular, the inference that the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population

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5
Q

Nursing Research

A

Systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession

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6
Q

Positivist Paradigm

A

The paradigm underlying the traditional scientific approach, which assumes that there is an orderly reality that can be objectively studied

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7
Q

Qualitative Research

A

The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design

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8
Q

Quantitative Research

A

The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design

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9
Q

Evidence Heirarchy

A

A ranked arrangement of the validity and dependability of evidence based on the rigor of the method that produced it; the traditional evidence hierarchy is appropriate primarily for cause-probing research

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10
Q

PICOT

A

A framework for asking well-worded questions, and for searching for evidence, where P = population, I = intervention of influence, C = comparison, and O = outcome

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11
Q

Quality Improvement

A

Systematic efforts to improve practices and processes within a specific organization or patient group

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12
Q

Systematic Review

A

A rigorous synthesis of research findings on a particular research question, using systematic sampling and data collection procedures and a formal protocol

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13
Q

Cause and Effect Relationship (causal)

A

A relationship between two variables wherein the presence or value of one variable (the “cause”) determines the presence or value of the other (the “effect”)

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14
Q

Clinical Trial

A

A study designed to assess the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of a new clinical intervention, often involving several phases

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15
Q

Data

A

The pieces of information obtained in a study

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16
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable); the outcome of interest

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17
Q

Ethnography

A

A branch of human inquiry, associated with anthropology, that focuses on the culture of a group of people, with an effort to understand the worldview and customs of those under study

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18
Q

Experimental Research

A

Research using a design in which the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assigns people to different treatment conditions; randomized controlled trials use experimental designs

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19
Q

Grounded Theory

A

An approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories about social psychological processes grounded in real-world observations

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of predicted relationships between variables

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21
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable; the independent variable is both the “I” and the “C” in the PICO framework

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22
Q

Intervention Protocol

A

The specification of what the intervention and alternative (control) treatment conditions are and how they should be administered.

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23
Q

Literature Review

A

A critical summary of research on a topic, often prepared to put a research problem in context or to summarize existing evidence

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24
Q

Non-experimental Research

A

Studies in which the researcher collects data without introducing an intervention; also called observational research

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25
Outcome Variable
Result of one or more independent variable
26
Phenomenology
A qualitative research tradition, with roots in philosophy and psychology, that focuses on the lived experience of humans
27
Population
The entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics; the “P” in the PICO framework
28
Research Design
The overall plan for addressing a research question, including strategies for enhancing the study’s integrity
29
Sample
A subset of a population comprising those selected to participate in a study
30
Study Participant
An individual who participates and provides information in a study
31
Theory
An abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about relationships among phenomena
32
Variable
An attribute that varies, that is, takes on different values (e.g., body temperature, heart rate)
33
Abstract
A brief description of a study, located at the beginning of a report
34
Bias
Any influence that distorts the results of a study and undermines validity
35
Findings
The results of the analysis of research data
36
IMRAD Format
The organization of a research report into four main sections: the Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion sections
37
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement is free from measurement error; more broadly, the extent to which scores for people who have not changed are the same for repeated measurements
38
Statistical Significance
A term indicating that the results from an analysis of sample data are unlikely to have been caused by chance, at a specified level of probability
39
Validity
A quality criterion referring to the degree to which inferences made in a study are accurate and well-founded; in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
40
Bibliographic Database
An organized online collection of references to published written works like journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents and books
41
CINAHL
Database for nursing related articles, journals
42
Keyword
An important term used to search for references on a topic in a bibliographic database.
43
MEDLINE
Database for articles related to healthcare
44
Primary Source
Firsthand reports of facts or findings; in research, the original report prepared by the investigator who conducted the study
45
PubMed
Database for articles related to healthcare from MEDLINE
46
Secondary Source
Secondhand accounts of events or facts; in research, a description of a study prepared by someone other than the original researcher
47
Directional Hypothesis
A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables
48
Nondirectional Hypothesis
A research hypothesis that does not stipulate the expected direction of the relationship between variables
49
Null Hypothesis
A hypothesis stating the absence of a relationship between the variables under study; used primarily in statistical testing as the hypothesis to be rejected
50
Problem Statement
An expression of a dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation
51
Research Hypothesis
The actual hypothesis a researcher wishes to test (as opposed to the null hypothesis), stating the anticipated relationship between two or more variables
52
Research Problem
A disturbing or perplexing condition that can be investigated through disciplined inquiry
53
Research Question
A specific query the researcher wants to answer to address a research problem
54
Statement of Purpose
A declarative statement of the overall goals of a study
54
Blinding
The process of preventing those involved in a study (participants, intervention agents, data collectors, or health care providers) from having information that could lead to a bias, particularly information about which treatment group a participant is in; also called masking
55
Cause
Makes something happen
56
Correlational Research
Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest, with no researcher intervention
57
Cross-sectional Design
A study design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups
58
Descriptive Research
Research that typically has as its main objective the accurate portrayal of people’s characteristics or circumstances and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur
59
Experiment
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact
60
Longitudinal Design
A study design in which data are collected at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional design
61
Nonexperimental Study
Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable
62
Posttest Data
Data collected after introducing an intervention
63
Prestest-Posttest Design
An experimental design in which data are collected from research subjects both before and after introducing an intervention
64
Quasi-Experiment
A type of design for testing an intervention in which participants are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions; also called a nonrandomized trial or a controlled trial without randomization
65
Randomization
The assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (i.e., in a manner determined by chance alone); also called random assignment
66
Randomized Control Trial
A full experimental test of an intervention, involving random assignment to treatment groups; sometimes, an RCT is phase III of a full clinical trial.
67
Retrospective Design
A study design that begins with the manifestation of the outcome variable in the present (e.g., lung cancer), and a search for a presumed cause occurring in the past (e.g., cigarette smoking)
68
Statistical Power
The ability of a research design and analytic strategy to detect true relationships among variables
69
Threats to validity
In research design, reasons that an inference about the effect of an independent variable (e.g., an intervention) on an outcome could be wrong
70
Validity
A quality criterion referring to the degree to which inferences made in a study are accurate and well-founded; in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
71
Biophysiologic Measure
The measurement of biological and physiological function
72
Consecutive Sampling
The recruitment of all people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria, over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size
73
Convenience Sampling
Selection of the most readily available persons as participants in a study
74
Eligibility Criteria
The criteria designating the specific attributes of the target population, by which people are selected for inclusion in a study
75
Likert Scale
Traditionally, a type of scale to measure attitudes, involving the summation of scores on a set of items that respondents rate for their degree of agreement or disagreement; more loosely, the name attributed to summated rating scales
76
Measurement
The assignment of numbers to objects according to specified rules to characterize quantities of some attribute
77
Nonprobability Sampling
The selection of sampling units (e.g., people) from a population using nonrandom procedures (e.g., convenience and quota sampling)
78
Power Analysis
A procedure for estimating either the needed sample size for a study or the likelihood of committing a Type II error
79
Probability Sampling
The selection of sampling units (e.g., participants) from a population using random procedures (e.g., simple random sampling)
80
Purposive Sampling
A nonprobability sampling method in which the researcher selects participants based on personal judgment about who will be most informative
81
Questionnaire
A document used to gather self-report data via self-administration of questions
82
Quota Sampling
A nonrandom sampling method in which “quotas” for certain subgroups, based on sample characteristics, are established to increase the representativeness of the sample
83
Rating Scale
A scale that requires ratings of an object or concept along a continuum
84
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement is free from measurement error; more broadly, the extent to which scores for people who have not changed are the same for repeated measurements
85
Sample
A subset of a population comprising those selected to participate in a study
86
Sample Size
The number of people who participate in a study; an important factor in the power of the analysis and in statistical conclusion validity in quantitative research
87
Sampling Bias
Distortions that arise when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
88
Scale
A composite measure of an attribute, involving the adding together of several items that have a logical and empirical relationship to each other, resulting in the assignment of a score to place people on a continuum with respect to the attribute
89
Self-Report
A data collection method that involves a direct verbal report by study participants (e.g., by interview or questionnaire)
90
Simple Random Sampling
Basic probability sampling involving the selection of sample members from a sampling frame at random
91
Stratified Random Sampling
The random selection of study participants from two or more strata of the population independently
92
Systematic Sampling
The selection of sample members such that every kth (e.g., every 10th) person or element in a sampling frame is chosen
93
Visual Analog Scale
A scaling procedure used to measure certain clinical symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) by having people indicate on a straight line the intensity of the symptom; usually measured on a 100-mm scale with values from 0 to 100

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