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Genetics Exam #1 Vocab > Exam #1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #1 Vocab Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Allele

A

a variant of a gene, a different version of a DNA sequence

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

stage of mitosis where cells divide, and duplicated chromosomes are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell

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3
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division

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4
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelles found in plant and algal cells that perform photosynthesis and other vital functions

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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6
Q

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

states that chromosomes are the physical bases of heredity and are responsible for carrying genes

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell, composed of DNA and proteins, which carries genetic information for an organism

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8
Q

Co-dominance

A

a genetic inheritance pattern where two alleles of a gene are expressed equally, resulting in the appearance of both traits in an individual

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9
Q

Cross Pollination

A

the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another

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10
Q

Crossing Over

A

cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

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11
Q

Diploid

A

a cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Dominant

A

most prevalent

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13
Q

Epistasis

A

describes how the effect of a gene mutation is influenced by the presence or absence of other gene mutations

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14
Q

Eukaryotic

A

organisms with cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

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15
Q

Expressivity

A

the degree to which a genotype is expressed as a phenotype

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16
Q

F1 Generation

A

the first generation of offspring that results from crossing two different parents

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17
Q

F2 Generation

A

the second filial generation of the F1 generation

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18
Q

Gain-of-function mutation

A

genetic lesion that causes the normal

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19
Q

Gene

A

basic unity of heredity passed from parent to child

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20
Q

Genotype

A

an organism’s complete genetic makeup or the alleles, or variants, of a specific gene

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21
Q

Haploid

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A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

22
Q

Heterozygous

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A

having two different versions of the same gene

23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

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A

a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic information

24
Q

Homozygous

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A

having two identical versions of a gene, or allele, inherited from each biological parent

25
Incomplete dominance
form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype
26
Interphase
the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its' life
27
Lethal alleles
alleles that cause an organism to die, usually due to a mutation in a gene that's essential for growth or development
28
Loss-of-function mutation
a nonsense mutation that causes polypeptide chain termination during translation
29
Maternal effect
when an organism's phenotype is influenced by its' mother's phenotype and environment, in addition to its own genotype and environment
30
Meiosis
a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes or sex cells
31
Metaphase
stage in mitosis or meiosis where chromosomes align in the center of the cell
32
Mitochondria
small organelles found within the cells of most eukaryotes
33
Mitosis
process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells containing a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell
34
Organelle heredity
the inheritance of genetic information
35
P generation
parental generation in genetic cross pollination experiments
36
Penetrance
the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of the individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype
37
Phenotype
observable characteristics of an organism, including physical traits, development and behavior
38
Principle of dominance and recessiveness
when an organism inherits two different alleles for a trait, the allele that is expressed (dominant) will mask the effect of the other allele (recessive)
39
Principle of independent assortment
different genes separate independently during the development of reproductive cells
40
Principle of segregation
describes how gene variants, or alleles separate into reproductive cells during meiosis
41
Prokaryotic
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
42
Prophase
first stage of cell division before metaphase during which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears
43
Recessive
traits that show up in offspring only when inherited from both parents
44
Self-pollination
the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant
45
Sex-influenced
characteristics that are present in both sexes, but are expressed differently depending on sex
46
Sex-limited
traits or genes that are present in both sexes of a species but are only expressed in one sex
47
Sex-linked
traits or disorders that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes which are the X and Y chromosomes
48
Sister chromatids
identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere during cell division
49
Telophase
the final stage of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells
50
Testcross
a genetic cross between an organism with a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype
51
Tetrad
group of four
52
Wild-type allele
the most common allele found in a natural population and is considered the standard for a particular trait

Genetics Exam #1 Vocab (3 decks)

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