exam 1 vocabulary

Question 1

define A soil

Answer 1

an individual body that is organized, 3-D , region/biome specific and has distinct properties

Question 2

define The soil

Answer 2

all of the soils- soils the material and roots , ground dwelling animals and rocks(pedosphere)

Question 3

define soil-material

Answer 3

mixture of minerals ,gases, water, organic matter and organisms capable of supporting plant life

Question 4

define ecosystem services

Answer 4

products of natural systems that support and fufill the needs of human

Question 5

define losses

Answer 5

material exiting from the soil from above , below, or horizontally

Question 6

define weathering

Answer 6

all physical and chemical changes produced in rocks or minerals

Question 7

define chemical weathering

Answer 7

alteration and/or breakdown of inital mineral compounds through chemical reactions

Question 8

define physical weathering

Answer 8

breakdown or disintegration of larger rocks or rock fragments into smaller pieces by physical force`

Question 9

define transformations

Answer 9

one material/mineral becomes another

Question 10

define translocations

Answer 10

lateral or vertical movements inside the soil

Question 11

define additions

Answer 11

material entering the soil from above,below or horizontally

Question 12

define illuviation

Answer 12

accumulation of material in a lower horizon, translocated from an upper layer

Question 13

define Eluvation

Answer 13

removal of soil material in suspension or solution from a layer of soil

Question 14

define igenous

Answer 14

formed during cooling of magma or lava

Question 15

define metamorphic

Answer 15

form when igneous or sedimentary rocks are altered under high heat and pressure conditions in the earths crust

Question 16

define mafic

Answer 16

more Ca, Mg, and Fe increased weathering

Question 17

define felsic

Answer 17

more Si, less weathering

Question 18

define soil texture

Answer 18

relative proportions of soil,silt, and clay particles in soil

Question 19

define alluvial

Answer 19

well sorted rounded fragments deposited from a stream

Question 20

define colluvial

Answer 20

poorly sorted,angular deposited, gravity deposited

Question 21

define loess

Answer 21

predominantly silt-sized sediment that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust

Question 22

define master horizons

Answer 22

most broad horizon category

Question 23

what are layers of soil called

Answer 23

horizons

Question 24

What are diagnostic horizons

Answer 24

layer or soil zone whose properties meet certain criteria specified for the purposes of classification

Question 25

what is a soil individual

Answer 25

Very similar pedons, all closely associated in the field

Question 26

what is a soil series

Answer 26

a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions

Question 27

what is Horizonization

Answer 27

separation of soil into distinct layer

Question 28

what is the smallest volume that can be called a soil

Answer 28

pedon

Question 29

define epipedon

Answer 29

diagnostic surface horizon

Question 30

define endopedon

Answer 30

diagnostic subsurface horizon

Question 31

define mollic

Answer 31

dark colored, thick(> 25 cm), pH 6.8

Question 32

define ochric

Answer 32

light colored,thin, low organic matter

Question 33

what is an accumulation of clay called

Answer 33

argillic

Question 34

What is calic

Answer 34

calcite and dolomite

Question 35

What is albic

Answer 35

light colored,lots of elluviation

Question 36

define natric

Answer 36

sodium, clay, columnar`

Question 37

what is cambric

Answer 37

weakly developed B horizon, little to no illuviation

Question 38

what is value

Answer 38

lightness, 0= black, 8= nearly white

Question 39

define ped

Answer 39

natural unit of soil structure such as an aggregate, crumb, or prism

Question 40

what is strokes law

Answer 40

describes settling velocity of soil particles as a function of particle diameter

Question 41

what is bulk density

Answer 41

Includes solid particles and air, Measured per mass unit of dry soil

Question 42

deinfe alfisols

Answer 42

fertile, broadleaf forest soils, mild acid weathering

Question 43

define andisols

Answer 43

high organic matter, near volcanoes, ash forms clay layers

Question 44

define aridsols

Answer 44

desert soils, slow chemical weathering due to dry conditions

Question 45

define entisols

Answer 45

no B horizon, high erosion, slow weathering, minimal development

Question 46

define inceptisols

Answer 46

common on moderately steep slopes, incipient development, moderate erosion rates

Question 47

define mollisols

Answer 47

dark grassland soils, highly productive

Question 48

define oxisols

Answer 48

extremely weathered tropical and subtropical soils, not very fetile, 100% secondary material

Question 49

define spodosols

Answer 49

not very fertile, coniferous forest soils, acid weathering

Question 50

define ultisols

Answer 50

highly weathered tropical and subtropical soils, less productive than mollisols and alfisols

Question 51

defnie Vertisols

Answer 51

>30% swelling clays, arid and semi arid regions, shrink-swell causes inversion of soil